< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/standaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
The past stem derives from an innovated extended form of the root, Pre-Germanic perfect singular *stéh₂-t-, nonsingular *sth₂-t-´, from Proto-Indo-European *steh₂-. The process that led to this extension is unknown, however.The present stem is an n-infixed stem derived from the innovated past tense, Pre-Germanic *sth₂-n-t-´.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈstɑn.dɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*standaną
- to stand
- Synonym: *stāną
Inflection
Present tense with n-infix. The past tense forms are shared with the synonymous suppletive verb *stāną.
Conjugation of *standaną (strong class 6)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *standō | *standaų | — | *standai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *standizi | *standaiz | *stand | *standazai | *standaizau |
| 3rd singular | *standidi | *standai | *standadau | *standadai | *standaidau |
| 1st dual | *standōz | *standaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *standadiz | *standaidiz | *standadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *standamaz | *standaim | — | *standandai | *standaindau |
| 2nd plural | *standid | *standaid | *standid | *standandai | *standaindau |
| 3rd plural | *standandi | *standain | *standandau | *standandai | *standaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *stōþ | *stōdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *stōst | *stōdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *stōþ | *stōdī | |||
| 1st dual | *stōdū | *stōdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *stōdudiz | *stōdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *stōdum | *stōdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *stōdud | *stōdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *stōdun | *stōdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *standandz | *stadanaz | |||
Derived terms
- *atstandaną
- *bistandaną
- *frastandaną
- *furaistandaną
- *testandaną
- *uberstandaną
- *umbistandaną
- *understandaną
- *uzstandaną
- *wiþrastandaną
- *stōdijaną
- *stassiz
- *stōdiz
- *standaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *standan
- Old English: standan
- Middle English: standen, stande, stonde, stonden
- English: stand
- → Ido: standar
- → Norman: stanner, sténer
- Sranan Tongo: tan
- Scots: stand
- Yola: sthoane, sthone, sthoan, stoane
- English: stand
- Middle English: standen, stande, stonde, stonden
- Old Frisian: standa, stonda
- Saterland Frisian: stounde
- Old Saxon: standan
- Middle Low German: *standen (attested in imperative stant)
- Low German: stahn
- Middle Low German: *standen (attested in imperative stant)
- Old Dutch: *standan
- Middle Dutch: standen
- Old High German: stantan, standan
- Middle High German: standen
- German: standen (dialectal)
- Middle High German: standen
- Old English: standan
- Old Norse: standa
- Icelandic: standa
- Faroese: standa
- Norwegian Nynorsk: stande, standa (obsolete), stå
- Old Swedish: standa
- Swedish: stånda(poetic), stå
- Old Danish:
- Danish: stande (poetic), stå
- Norwegian Bokmål: stå
- Danish: stande (poetic), stå
- Gothic: 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan)