< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sprekaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Unknown; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”). Alternatively cognate with Old Norse spraka (“to crackle, patter”), Lithuanian spragù (“to crackle, patter”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈspre.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*sprekaną
- to speak
Inflection
Conjugation of *sprekaną (strong class 5)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *sprekō | *sprekaų | — | *sprekai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *sprikizi | *sprekaiz | *sprek | *sprekazai | *sprekaizau |
| 3rd singular | *sprikidi | *sprekai | *sprekadau | *sprekadai | *sprekaidau |
| 1st dual | *sprekōz | *sprekaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *sprekadiz | *sprekaidiz | *sprekadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *sprekamaz | *sprekaim | — | *sprekandai | *sprekaindau |
| 2nd plural | *sprikid | *sprekaid | *sprikid | *sprekandai | *sprekaindau |
| 3rd plural | *sprekandi | *sprekain | *sprekandau | *sprekandai | *sprekaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *sprak | *sprēkį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *spraht | *sprēkīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *sprak | *sprēkī | |||
| 1st dual | *sprēkū | *sprēkīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *sprēkudiz | *sprēkīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *sprēkum | *sprēkīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *sprēkud | *sprēkīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *sprēkun | *sprēkīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *sprekandz | *sprekanaz | |||
Derived terms
- *bisprekaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *sprekan
- Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
- Middle English: speken
- English: speak
- Scots: speke, speik
- Middle English: speken
- Old Frisian: spreka
- Saterland Frisian: spreke
- West Frisian: sprekke
- Old Saxon: sprekan
- Middle Low German: sprēken
- Low German: spreken
- Plautdietsch: spräakjen
- Middle Low German: sprēken
- Old Dutch: sprecan
- Middle Dutch: sprēken
- Dutch: spreken
- Limburgish: spraeke
- Middle Dutch: sprēken
- Old High German: sprehhan, sprechan
- Middle High German: sprëchen
- German: sprechen
- Hunsrik: spreche
- Luxembourgish: spriechen
- Middle High German: sprëchen
- Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
References
- Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “?*spreg-¹”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 582