< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/spilþijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *spelþą (“spoil, ruin”) + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈspil.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*spilþijaną[1]
- To spoil, ruin
- To kill, murder
Inflection
Conjugation of *spilþijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *spilþijō | *spilþijaų | — | *spilþijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *spilþīsi | *spilþijais | *spilþī | *spilþijasai | *spilþijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *spilþīþi | *spilþijai | *spilþijaþau | *spilþijaþai | *spilþijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *spilþijōs | *spilþijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *spilþijaþiz | *spilþijaiþiz | *spilþijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *spilþijamaz | *spilþijaim | — | *spilþijanþai | *spilþijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *spilþīþ | *spilþijaiþ | *spilþīþ | *spilþijanþai | *spilþijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *spilþijanþi | *spilþijain | *spilþijanþau | *spilþijanþai | *spilþijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *spilþidǭ | *spilþidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *spilþidēz | *spilþidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *spilþidē | *spilþidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *spilþidēdū | *spilþidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *spilþidēdudiz | *spilþidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *spilþidēdum | *spilþidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *spilþidēdud | *spilþidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *spilþidēdun | *spilþidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *spilþijandz | *spilþidaz | |||
Alternative reconstructions
- *spillijaną
Related terms
- *spelþōną
- *spilþiz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *spilþijan
- Old English: spillan, spildan
- Middle English: spillen, spylle, spille, spyl, spil, spyll, spill, spilden, spyllyn
- English: spill
- Scots: spill
- Middle English: spillen, spylle, spille, spyl, spil, spyll, spill, spilden, spyllyn
- Old Saxon: spildian
- Middle Low German: spilden, spillen
- German Low German: spillen
- Middle Low German: spilden, spillen
- Old Dutch: *spilden
- Middle Dutch: spilden, spillen
- Dutch: spillen
- Middle Dutch: spilden, spillen
- Old High German: spilden
- Middle High German: spilden, spillen
- Bavarian: spillen
- ⇒ Middle High German: spildec
- ⇒ German: kostspielig
- Middle High German: spilden, spillen
- Old English: spillan, spildan
- Old Norse: spilla
- Icelandic: spilla
- Faroese: spilla
- Norwegian: spille
- Old Swedish: spilla
- Swedish: spilla
- Danish: spilde
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*spelþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 364