< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sparāną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative forms
- *sparōną (late)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *sper- (“to be productive; earn”).
Verb
*sparāną[1]
- to be thrifty; be conservative; be sparing
Inflection
Conjugation of *sparāną (weak class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *sparō | ? | — | ? | ? |
| 2nd singular | *sparaisi | ? | *sparai | *sparāsai | ? |
| 3rd singular | *sparaiþi | ? | *sparāþau | *sparāþai | ? |
| 1st dual | *sparōs | ? | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *sparāþiz | ? | *sparāþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *sparāmaz | ? | — | *sparānþai | ? |
| 2nd plural | *sparaiþ | ? | *sparaiþ | *sparānþai | ? |
| 3rd plural | *sparānþi | ? | *sparānþau | *sparānþai | ? |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *sparadǭ | *sparadēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *sparadēz | *sparadēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *sparadē | *sparadēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *sparadēdū | *sparadēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *sparadēdudiz | *sparadēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *sparadēdum | *sparadēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *sparadēdud | *sparadēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *sparadēdun | *sparadēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *sparāndz | *sparadaz | |||
Related terms
- *sparaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *sparēn
- Old English: sparian
- Middle English: sparien, sparen
- Scots: spar, spair
- English: spare
- Middle English: sparien, sparen
- Old Frisian: sparia, spara
- Saterland Frisian: spoarje
- West Frisian: sparje
- Old Saxon: sparōn
- Middle Low German: sparen
- German Low German: sparen
- → Old Dutch: *sparon
- Middle Dutch: sparen
- Dutch: sparen
- Middle Dutch: sparen
- Middle Low German: sparen
- Old High German: sparēn, sparōn
- Middle High German: sparn
- German: sparen
- Esperanto: ŝpari
- Luxembourgish: spueren
- German: sparen
- Middle High German: sparn
- → Vulgar Latin: *sparāniō
- Italo-Romance:
- Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
- Central dialects: sparagnà ⇒ risparagnà, resparagnà, risparmià, risparambià
- Neapolitan: sparagnà
- Sicilian: sparagnari
- Italian: sparagnare ⇒ risparmiare
- Padanian:
- Emilian: sparmier, sparer ⇒ rasparar, arsparmier
- Lombard: spargnar, sparmir
- Piedmontese: spargné
- Romagnol: sparmier, sparanear ⇒ arpsamear
- Northern Gallo-Romance:
- Franc-Comtois: éparmaî
- Franco-Provençal: épargnèr, éparmar
- Valdôtain: éparmir
- Old Bourgignon: arsparmer, esparmer
- ⇒ Bourguignon: reparmer
- Old French: espargnier, esparigner, esparnier, esparnir, esparner, aperner
- French: épargner
- Walloon: spârgnî
- Southern Gallo-Romance:
- Occitan: esparnhar
- Italo-Romance:
- Old English: sparian
- Old Norse: spara
- Icelandic: spara
- Faroese: spara
- Norwegian: spare
- Old Swedish: spara
- Swedish: spara
- Danish: spare
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*sparēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 362