< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/slēpaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Unclear. May be related to *slapaz (“weak, lax”)[1], itself of unclear origin, or possibly back-formed to *slabōną/*slappōną.[2]
Possibly from a hypothetical base *slē‑, from earlier *sleh₁‑, from Proto-Indo-European *slēb-, which could be related to *(s)leg-, *(s)leh₁g-, see also Latin langueō (“I am listless”), Old English slæc (“lazy”).[3][4][5]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈslɛː.pɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*slēpaną
- to sleep
- Synonym: *swefaną
Inflection
Conjugation of *slēpaną (strong class 7d)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *slēpō | *slēpaų | — | *slēpai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *slēpizi | *slēpaiz | *slēp | *slēpazai | *slēpaizau |
| 3rd singular | *slēpidi | *slēpai | *slēpadau | *slēpadai | *slēpaidau |
| 1st dual | *slēpōz | *slēpaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *slēpadiz | *slēpaidiz | *slēpadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *slēpamaz | *slēpaim | — | *slēpandai | *slēpaindau |
| 2nd plural | *slēpid | *slēpaid | *slēpid | *slēpandai | *slēpaindau |
| 3rd plural | *slēpandi | *slēpain | *slēpandau | *slēpandai | *slēpaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *sezlēp | *sezlēpį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *sezlēft | *sezlēpīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *sezlēp | *sezlēpī | |||
| 1st dual | *sezlēpū | *sezlēpīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *sezlēpudiz | *sezlēpīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *sezlēpum | *sezlēpīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *sezlēpud | *sezlēpīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *sezlēpun | *sezlēpīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *slēpandz | *slēpanaz | |||
Derived terms
- *slēpaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *slāpan
- Old English: slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan
- Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
- English: sleep
- Scots: sleep, sleip, slepe
- Middle English: slepen, slæpen, sleepen, slepe
- Old Frisian: slēpa
- North Frisian: sliepe
- Saterland Frisian: släipe
- West Frisian: sliepe
- Old Saxon: slāpan
- Middle Low German: slâpen
- German Low German: slapen
- Low German: slapen
- Middle Low German: slâpen
- Old Dutch: slāpan
- Middle Dutch: slâpen
- Dutch: slapen
- Afrikaans: slaap
- Negerhollands: slaap, slap, slaep
- Skepi Creole Dutch: slapi, slappe
- Limburgish: slaope
- Zealandic: slaepe
- Dutch: slapen
- Middle Dutch: slâpen
- Old High German: slāfan
- Middle High German: slāfen
- Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
- Badisch: schlofe
- Italian Walser: schloafe, schloafen, schlofe, schlàfu, schlaafä
- Bavarian:
- Central Bavarian: schloffa
- Cimbrian: slaafan, slafan, slavan
- Mòcheno: schloven
- South Tyrolean: schlofn, sghlofn
- Central Franconian: schlofe
- Hunsrik: schlofe
- Luxembourgish: schlofen
- German: schlafen
- Rhine Franconian: schlofe
- Pennsylvania German: schlofe
- Yiddish: שלאָפֿן (shlofn)
- Alemannic German: schlaaffe, schlooffe
- Middle High German: slāfen
- Old English: slǣpan, slēpan, slāpan
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌻𐌴𐍀𐌰𐌽 (slēpan)
- Crimean Gothic: schlipen
References
- Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “slapen”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*slēpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 453
- “sleep”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
- Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “sleep”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- Pokorny, Julius (1959), “lē̆b‑”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 655