< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skaþjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Pre-Germanic *skh₁tH-, from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keh₁t- (“damage, harm”).[1] Cognate with Ancient Greek ἀσκηθής (askēthḗs, “intact, safe, sound”, literally “without damage”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈskɑθ.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*skaþjaną
- To mar; damage
- To injure; hurt
Inflection
Conjugation of *skaþjaną (strong class 6 j-present)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *skaþjō | *skaþjaų | — | *skaþjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *skaþisi | *skaþjais | *skaþi | *skaþjasai | *skaþjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *skaþiþi | *skaþjai | *skaþjaþau | *skaþjaþai | *skaþjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *skaþjōs | *skaþjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *skaþjaþiz | *skaþjaiþiz | *skaþjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *skaþjamaz | *skaþjaim | — | *skaþjanþai | *skaþjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *skaþiþ | *skaþjaiþ | *skaþiþ | *skaþjanþai | *skaþjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *skaþjanþi | *skaþjain | *skaþjanþau | *skaþjanþai | *skaþjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *skōd | *skōdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *skōst | *skōdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *skōd | *skōdī | |||
| 1st dual | *skōdū | *skōdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *skōdudiz | *skōdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *skōdum | *skōdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *skōdud | *skōdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *skōdun | *skōdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *skaþjandz | *skadanaz | |||
Related terms
- *skaþô
- *skaþōną
- *skōdą
- *skōdiz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *skaþþjan
- Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
- Middle English: scathen, skathen
- Scots: scaith, skaith, schaith, scathe
- English: scathe
- Middle English: scathen, skathen
- Old Saxon: skeððan, *skeþþan, *skeththan
- Middle Low German: schaden
- Low German: schaden
- Middle Low German: schaden
- Old English: sċeþþan, sċieþþan
- Old Norse: skeðja
- Icelandic: skeðja
- ⇒ Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: skade
- Norwegian Nynorsk: skade, ska; skada
- ⇒ Swedish: oskadd (“unscathed”)
- ⇒ Danish: uskadt (“unscathed”)
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (skaþjan)
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN