< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/singwaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *séngʷʰ-e-ti, from *sengʷʰ- (“to recite, sing”). Cognate with Ancient Greek ὀμφή (omphḗ).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈsiŋʷ.ɡʷɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*singwaną[1][2]
- to sing
Inflection
Conjugation of *singwaną (strong class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *singwō | *singwaų | — | *singwai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *singwizi | *singwaiz | *singw | *singwazai | *singwaizau |
| 3rd singular | *singwidi | *singwai | *singwadau | *singwadai | *singwaidau |
| 1st dual | *singwōz | *singwaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *singwadiz | *singwaidiz | *singwadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *singwamaz | *singwaim | — | *singwandai | *singwaindau |
| 2nd plural | *singwid | *singwaid | *singwid | *singwandai | *singwaindau |
| 3rd plural | *singwandi | *singwain | *singwandau | *singwandai | *singwaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *sangw | *sungį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *sanht | *sungīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *sangw | *sungī | |||
| 1st dual | *sungū | *sungīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *sungudiz | *sungīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *sungum | *sungīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *sungud | *sungīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *sungun | *sungīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *singwandz | *sunganaz | |||
Derived terms
- *bisingwaną
- *sangwaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *singwan
- Old English: singan
- Middle English: singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge
- English: sing
- Scots: sing
- Yola: zing
- Middle English: singen, cingen, cinggen, singgen, singe, synge, syngen, cyngyn, cynggyn, zinge
- Old Frisian: singa, siunga, sionga
- North Frisian: schong
- Saterland Frisian: sjunge
- West Frisian: sjonge
- Old Saxon: singan
- Middle Low German: singen
- Low German: singen
- Plautdietsch: sinjen
- Middle Low German: singen
- Old Dutch: singan
- Middle Dutch: singen
- Dutch: zingen
- Afrikaans: sing
- Berbice Creole Dutch: singgi
- Jersey Dutch: sänge
- Negerhollands: sing, siṅ
- → Sranan Tongo: singi
- → Caribbean Javanese: singi
- Limburgish: zinge
- Dutch: zingen
- Middle Dutch: singen
- Old High German: singan
- Middle High German: singen
- Alemannic German:
- Swabian:
- Sathmar Swabian: singe
- Swabian:
- Bavarian:
- Cimbrian: singen
- Central Franconian:
- Hunsrik: singe
- German: singen
- Luxembourgish: sangen
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: singe
- Yiddish: זינגען (zingen)
- Alemannic German:
- Middle High German: singen
- Old English: singan
- Old Norse: syngva, syngja
- Icelandic: syngja
- Faroese: syngja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: syngja, syngje, synga, synge
- Jamtish: syngje, sjunge
- Dalian: singa, siunga
- Elfdalian: singga
- Old Swedish: siunga
- Swedish: sjunga
- Westrobothnian: sjong, sjåong, siåongg
- Old Danish: siungæ
- Danish: synge
- Norwegian Bokmål: synge
- Scanian: sjonga, sjønga
- Danish: synge
- Old Gutnish: singva
- Gutnish: singge, singg', singga
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (siggwan)
- Crimean Gothic: singhen
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*singwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 437
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*senʒwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 324