Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/rūhaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

*rūhwaz

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *Hrewk- (“to pluck”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈruː.xɑz/

Adjective

*rūhaz

rough

Inflection

Declension of *rūhaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*rūhaz	*rūhai	*rūhō	*rūhôz	*rūhą, -atō	*rūhō
Accusative	*rūhanǭ	*rūhanz	*rūhǭ	*rūhōz	*rūhą, -atō	*rūhō
Genitive	*rūhas, -is	*rūhaizǫ̂	*rūhaizōz	*rūhaizǫ̂	*rūhas, -is	*rūhaizǫ̂
Dative	*rūhammai	*rūhaimaz	*rūhaizōi	*rūhaimaz	*rūhammai	*rūhaimaz
Instrumental	*rūhanō	*rūhaimiz	*rūhaizō	*rūhaimiz	*rūhanō	*rūhaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*rūhô	*rūhaniz	*rūhǭ	*rūhōniz	*rūhô	*rūhōnō
Accusative	*rūhanų	*rūhanunz	*rūhōnų	*rūhōnunz	*rūhô	*rūhōnō
Genitive	*rūhiniz	*rūhanǫ̂	*rūhōniz	*rūhōnǫ̂	*rūhiniz	*rūhanǫ̂
Dative	*rūhini	*rūhammaz	*rūhōni	*rūhōmaz	*rūhini	*rūhammaz
Instrumental	*rūhinē	*rūhammiz	*rūhōnē	*rūhōmiz	*rūhinē	*rūhammiz

Derived terms

*rūhijǭ

Descendants

Old English: rūh, rūg
- Middle English: ruh, ruȝ, roȝe, row, rogh, rough
  - Scots: roch, ruch, rouch, rooch
  - English: rough
Old Frisian: *rūch
- Saterland Frisian: ruuch, rouch
- West Frisian: rûch
Old Saxon: *rūh, *rūg, *rūw (found in derivatives)
- Middle Low German: rûh, rû, rûw
  - German Low German: ruug
  - Low German: ruuch, rug
  - Plautdietsch: ruff, ruch
  - → Danish: ru
Old Dutch: *rūh, *rū
- Middle Dutch: ruuch, ru, rou
  - Dutch: ruig, ruw
Old High German: rūh
- Middle High German: rūh, rūhe, rūch, rouch
  - rau; rauch (obsolete)
    - German Low German: rau
  - Yiddish: רוי‎ (roy)