< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/reukaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₁rewg- (“to vomit, burp”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁rew- (“to roar, growl, grumble”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*reukaną[1][2]
- to smoke, to give off a vapour
Inflection
Conjugation of *reukaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *reukō | *reukaų | — | *reukai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *riukizi | *reukaiz | *reuk | *reukazai | *reukaizau |
| 3rd singular | *riukidi | *reukai | *reukadau | *reukadai | *reukaidau |
| 1st dual | *reukōz | *reukaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *reukadiz | *reukaidiz | *reukadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *reukamaz | *reukaim | — | *reukandai | *reukaindau |
| 2nd plural | *riukid | *reukaid | *riukid | *reukandai | *reukaindau |
| 3rd plural | *reukandi | *reukain | *reukandau | *reukandai | *reukaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *rauk | *rukį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *rauht | *rukīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *rauk | *rukī | |||
| 1st dual | *rukū | *rukīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *rukudiz | *rukīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *rukum | *rukīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *rukud | *rukīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *rukun | *rukīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *reukandz | *rukanaz | |||
Related terms
- *raukijaną
- *raukiz
- *rukiz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *reukan
- Old English: rēocan
- Middle English: reken
- Scots: rek, reke, reik
- English: reek
- Middle English: reken
- Old Frisian: riāka
- North Frisian: röke
- West Frisian: reekje
- Old Saxon: *riokan, *rūkan
- Middle Low German: rêken, rûken
- Low German: rüken
- → Saterland Frisian: ruuke
- → West Frisian: rûke
- Middle Low German: rêken, rûken
- Old Dutch: riecan, riekan, riechon, ruecon
- Middle Dutch: ruken
- Dutch: ruiken, rieken
- Limburgish: ruke
- Middle Dutch: ruken
- Old High German: riohhan
- Middle High German: riechen
- German: riechen
- Bavarian: riacha
- Luxembourgish: richen
- Middle High German: riechen
- Old English: rēocan
- Old Norse: rjúka
- Icelandic: rjúka
- Faroese: rúka
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ryka, ryke
- Norwegian Bokmål: ryke
- Westrobothnian: ruuk
- Old Swedish: riūka
- Swedish: ryka
- Danish: ryge
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*reukan- ~ *rūkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 410
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*reukanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 303