< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/nīþijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *nīþą (“hate, envy, malice”) + *-janą.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈniː.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*nīþijaną[1]
- to revile
- to despise
Inflection
Conjugation of *nīþijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *nīþijō | *nīþijaų | — | *nīþijai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *nīþīsi | *nīþijais | *nīþī | *nīþijasai | *nīþijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *nīþīþi | *nīþijai | *nīþijaþau | *nīþijaþai | *nīþijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *nīþijōs | *nīþijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *nīþijaþiz | *nīþijaiþiz | *nīþijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *nīþijamaz | *nīþijaim | — | *nīþijanþai | *nīþijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *nīþīþ | *nīþijaiþ | *nīþīþ | *nīþijanþai | *nīþijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *nīþijanþi | *nīþijain | *nīþijanþau | *nīþijanþai | *nīþijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *nīþidǭ | *nīþidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *nīþidēz | *nīþidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *nīþidē | *nīþidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *nīþidēdū | *nīþidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *nīþidēdudiz | *nīþidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *nīþidēdum | *nīþidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *nīþidēdud | *nīþidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *nīþidēdun | *nīþidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *nīþijandz | *nīþidaz | |||
Descendants
- Old English: nīþan
- Middle English: nīthen
- Old Dutch: nīthen
- Middle Dutch: niden
- Dutch: nijden
- Middle Dutch: niden
- Old High German: nīden
- Middle High German: nīden
- German: neiden
- Middle High German: nīden
- Old Norse: níða
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*nīþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 288