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单词 Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks
释义
< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic

Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (milk, verb).

The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.

Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:

  • According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.
  • According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.
  • According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (temple).
  • According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (to milk), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /ˈme.luks/

Noun

*meluks f

  1. milk

Inflection

consonant stemDeclension of *meluks (consonant stem)
singularplural
nominative*meluks*melukiz
vocative*meluk*melukiz
accusative*melukų*melukunz
genitive*melukiz*melukǫ̂
dative*meluki*melukumaz
instrumental*melukē*melukumiz

Derived terms

  • *melukōną
  • *melhtaz
  • *milhtiją
  • *melkaną
  • *melkaz
  • *melukaz

Descendants

  • Proto-West Germanic: *meluk
    • Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
      • Middle English: milk, mylk, melk, mulc
        • English: milk (see there for further descendants)
        • Scots: milk, melk, mylk
    • Old Frisian: melok
      • North Frisian: molke
      • Saterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk
      • West Frisian: molke
    • Old Saxon: miluk
      • Middle Low German: melik, melk
        • Dutch Low Saxon: melk
        • German Low German: Melk
          Plautdietsch: Malkj
    • Old Dutch: miluc
      • Middle Dutch: melc
        • Dutch: melk
          • Afrikaans: melk
          • Berbice Creole Dutch: meleke
          • Jersey Dutch: määlk
          • Negerhollands: melk
          • Aukan: meliki
          • Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki
          • Munsee: mălák
          • Saramaccan: meíki
          • Sranan Tongo: merki
            • Galibi Carib: meliki
          • Tok Pisin: melek
        • Limburgish: mèlk
    • Old High German: miluh
      • Middle High German: milich, milch
        • Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch
          Swabian: Milk
          Walser: milch, meljch, mélläch
        • Bavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich
          Cimbrian: milch, milach
          Mòcheno: milch
        • Central Franconian:
          Hunsrik: Millich
          Luxembourgish: Mëllech
        • German: Milch
          • Tok Pisin: milis
        • Rhine Franconian:
          Pennsylvania German: Millich
        • Vilamovian: myłich
        • Yiddish: מילך (milkh)
  • Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk
    • Icelandic: mjólk
    • Faroese: mjólk
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk[1]
      • Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk
    • Elfdalian: mjok
    • Westrobothnian: mjólk, mjalk, mjölk
    • Old Swedish: miolk, miølk
      • Swedish: mjölk
    • Old Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk
      • Danish: mælk
        • Norwegian Bokmål: melk
      • Scanian: milk, mjælk
    • Gutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk
  • Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)
  • Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)
  • ? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)

References

  • Kümmel, M.J. (2004), Ungeklärtes *u neben Liquida in germanischen Nomina, in: A. Hyllested, A. R. Jørgensen (et al. eds.), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos. Studia Indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMMIV (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 112), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 291-303. p. 298
  • Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 364
  • Szemerenyi, O. (1987-1992), Scripta minora, selected essays in Inda-European, Greek, and Latin. Innsbruck
  • Bammesberger, A. (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens. Heidelberg
  1. “mjølk” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring
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