< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/meluks
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-. Cognate with Latin mulgeō (“milk”, verb).
The presence of *-u- in the second syllable is aberrant, as it was not present in the PIE root or even in the related Germanic verb *melkaną. However, the evidence of all descendants speaks unambiguously in favour of its presence. Aside from being directly attested in most of them, it is also implied by Old Norse u-mutation in case forms where it would not be expected, in the raising of e to i before u in the non-Ingvaeonic West Germanic languages, and in the High German shift /k/ → /x/.
Possible theories of origin of the disputed *-u-:
- According to Kümmel, the vowel *u is an anaptyctic vowel, inserted after the resonant to ease the complicated cluster of three consonants *VRCs#.
- According to Szemerenyi (1992: 1125) it is the result of contamination of the full- and zero-grade in an ablauting paradigm */melk-z/, genitive */mulk-iz/, but this leaves the Schwebeablaut unexplained.
- According to Bammesberger (1990: 196f) this */u/ represents a schwa that arose between the */l/ and the */k/ in the nominative */melk-z/. However, this solution fails to explain why the same did not happen in e.g *alhs (“temple”).
- According to Kroonen, *-u- originates from the strong verb *mel(u)kaną (“to milk”), whence this archaic root noun likely derives. This does not answer the ultimate origin of the u however.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈme.luks/
Noun
*meluks f
- milk
Inflection
consonant stemDeclension of *meluks (consonant stem) | |||
---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | ||
nominative | *meluks | *melukiz | |
vocative | *meluk | *melukiz | |
accusative | *melukų | *melukunz | |
genitive | *melukiz | *melukǫ̂ | |
dative | *meluki | *melukumaz | |
instrumental | *melukē | *melukumiz |
Derived terms
- *melukōną
Related terms
- *melhtaz
- *milhtiją
- *melkaną
- *melkaz
- *melukaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *meluk
- Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
- Middle English: milk, mylk, melk, mulc
- English: milk (see there for further descendants)
- Scots: milk, melk, mylk
- Middle English: milk, mylk, melk, mulc
- Old Frisian: melok
- North Frisian: molke
- Saterland Frisian: Moalk, Molk
- West Frisian: molke
- Old Saxon: miluk
- Middle Low German: melik, melk
- Dutch Low Saxon: melk
- German Low German: Melk
- Plautdietsch: Malkj
- Middle Low German: melik, melk
- Old Dutch: miluc
- Middle Dutch: melc
- Dutch: melk
- Afrikaans: melk
- Berbice Creole Dutch: meleke
- Jersey Dutch: määlk
- Negerhollands: melk
- → Aukan: meliki
- → Caribbean Javanese: mèleg, mèrki
- → Munsee: mălák
- → Saramaccan: meíki
- → Sranan Tongo: merki
- → Galibi Carib: meliki
- → Tok Pisin: melek
- Limburgish: mèlk
- Dutch: melk
- Middle Dutch: melc
- Old High German: miluh
- Middle High German: milich, milch
- Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch
- Swabian: Milk
- Walser: milch, meljch, mélläch
- Bavarian: Muich, Milli, milch, milach, milich
- Cimbrian: milch, milach
- Mòcheno: milch
- Central Franconian:
- Hunsrik: Millich
- Luxembourgish: Mëllech
- German: Milch
- → Tok Pisin: milis
- Rhine Franconian:
- Pennsylvania German: Millich
- Vilamovian: myłich
- Yiddish: מילך (milkh)
- Alemannic German: Möuch, Melch
- Middle High German: milich, milch
- Old English: meolc, meoloc, meoluc, milc
- Old Norse: mjǫlk, mjolk, mjólk; miolk
- Icelandic: mjólk
- Faroese: mjólk
- Norwegian Nynorsk: mjølk; (dialectal) mjolk, mjelk[1]
- → Norwegian Bokmål: mjølk
- Elfdalian: mjok
- Westrobothnian: mjólk, mjalk, mjölk
- Old Swedish: miolk, miølk
- Swedish: mjölk
- Old Danish: mialk, miælk, mælk, miølk
- Danish: mælk
- Norwegian Bokmål: melk
- Scanian: milk, mjælk
- Danish: mælk
- Gutnish: mjalk, mjälk, mjölk
- Gothic: 𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 (miluks)
- → Proto-Samic: *mielkkē (see there for further descendants)
- →? Proto-Slavic: *melko (see there for further descendants)
References
- Kümmel, M.J. (2004), Ungeklärtes *u neben Liquida in germanischen Nomina, in: A. Hyllested, A. R. Jørgensen (et al. eds.), Per Aspera ad Asteriscos. Studia Indogermanica in honorem Jens Elmegård Rasmussen sexagenarii Idibus Martiis anno MMMIV (Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft 112), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachen und Literaturen der Universität Innsbruck, 291-303. p. 298
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 364
- Szemerenyi, O. (1987-1992), Scripta minora, selected essays in Inda-European, Greek, and Latin. Innsbruck
- Bammesberger, A. (1990), Die Morphologie des urgermanischen Nomens. Heidelberg
- “mjølk” in Ivar Aasen (1873) Norsk Ordbog med dansk Forklaring