< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/melkaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂melǵ-.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmel.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*melkaną[1][2]
- to milk (get milk from an animal)
Inflection
Conjugation of *melkaną (strong class 3)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *melkō | *melkaų | — | *melkai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *milkizi | *melkaiz | *melk | *melkazai | *melkaizau |
| 3rd singular | *milkidi | *melkai | *melkadau | *melkadai | *melkaidau |
| 1st dual | *melkōz | *melkaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *melkadiz | *melkaidiz | *melkadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *melkamaz | *melkaim | — | *melkandai | *melkaindau |
| 2nd plural | *milkid | *melkaid | *milkid | *melkandai | *melkaindau |
| 3rd plural | *melkandi | *melkain | *melkandau | *melkandai | *melkaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *malk | *mulkį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *malht | *mulkīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *malk | *mulkī | |||
| 1st dual | *mulkū | *mulkīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *mulkudiz | *mulkīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *mulkum | *mulkīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *mulkud | *mulkīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *mulkun | *mulkīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *melkandz | *mulkanaz | |||
Related terms
- *meluks
- *mulkiz
- *mulknaz
- *mulkōną
Related terms
- *melukōną
Descendants
- Old English: melcan, meolcan, meolcian, melca
- Middle English: mylken
- English: milk
- Yola: mulke
- Middle English: mylken
- Old Frisian: melka
- North Frisian: molke
- Saterland Frisian: meelke
- West Frisian: melke
- Old Saxon: *melkan
- Middle Low German: melken (weak verb)
- (Low German: melken)
- Middle Low German: melken (weak verb)
- Old Dutch: *melkan
- Middle Dutch: melken
- Dutch: melken
- Middle Dutch: melken
- Old High German: melkan, melchan
- Middle High German: mëlken, mëlchen
- German: melken (regular; see lemma)
- → Esperanto: melki
- German: melken (regular; see lemma)
- Middle High German: mëlken, mëlchen
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*mel(u)kan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 364-365
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*melkanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 266-267