< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/managaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Likely from a substrate language of northwestern Europe. Proto-Celtic *menekkis, Proto-Slavic *mъnogъ, Proto-Finno-Permic *mone are probably from the same source; according to Watkins, the Germanic, Slavic, and Celtic terms could all stem from a late (Northwestern) Proto-Indo-European *monogʰos.[1][2][3]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈmɑ.nɑ.ɣɑz/
Adjective
*managaz (comparative *managizô, superlative *managistaz)
- many
- much (large amount of)
Inflection
Declension of *managaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *managaz | *managai | *managō | *managôz | *managą, -atō | *managō |
| Accusative | *managanǭ | *managanz | *managǭ | *managōz | *managą, -atō | *managō |
| Genitive | *managas, -is | *managaizǫ̂ | *managaizōz | *managaizǫ̂ | *managas, -is | *managaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *managammai | *managaimaz | *managaizōi | *managaimaz | *managammai | *managaimaz |
| Instrumental | *managanō | *managaimiz | *managaizō | *managaimiz | *managanō | *managaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *managô | *managaniz | *managǭ | *managōniz | *managô | *managōnō |
| Accusative | *managanų | *managanunz | *managōnų | *managōnunz | *managô | *managōnō |
| Genitive | *managiniz | *managanǫ̂ | *managōniz | *managōnǫ̂ | *managiniz | *managanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *managini | *managammaz | *managōni | *managōmaz | *managini | *managammaz |
| Instrumental | *managinē | *managammiz | *managōnē | *managōmiz | *managinē | *managammiz |
Synonyms
- *mikilaz
Antonyms
- *fawaz
Derived terms
- *managafalþaz
- *managį̄
- *managiþō
Related terms
- *mangiją
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *manag
- Old English: maniġ, maneġ, moniġ, mæniġ
- Middle English: mani, mane, magnie, maini, mainie, mange, manie, manige, maniȝ, many, meine, meni, menie, monei, moni, monie, moniȝ, mony, myny
- English: many
- Scots: mony, monie
- Yola: many
- Middle English: mani, mane, magnie, maini, mainie, mange, manie, manige, maniȝ, many, meine, meni, menie, monei, moni, monie, moniȝ, mony, myny
- Old Frisian: monech, manich, monich, manch
- North Frisian: manag, manig, mäning
- Saterland Frisian: manich, moonige, moonich
- West Frisian: mannich
- Old Saxon: manag, maneg
- Middle Low German: mannich, mennich
- Low German: männich
- German Low German: männig, mennig, meng
- Low German: männich
- Middle Low German: mannich, mennich
- Old Dutch: manag, *menig
- Middle Dutch: mēneg, mānig, mēnig
- Dutch: menig
- Middle Dutch: mēneg, mānig, mēnig
- Old High German: manag, manac
- Middle High German: manec, manic, menic
- Alemannic German: meng
- Central Franconian: mannich, männich
- German: mannig (in compounds), manch
- Luxembourgish: munch
- Middle High German: manec, manic, menic
- Old English: maniġ, maneġ, moniġ, mæniġ
- Old Norse: mangr
- Faroese: mangur
- Norwegian: mang, mange
- Old Swedish: manger
- Swedish: mången
- Old Danish: manygh
- Danish: mangen
- Westrobothnian: mang
- ⇒ Old Norse: margr (possibly)
- Icelandic: margur
- Faroese: margur
- Westrobothnian: marge pl
- Old Swedish: margher, marghin
- Swedish: marg
- Old Danish: margh
- → English: marra, marrow (dialectal)
- Gothic: 𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌲𐍃 (manags)
Further reading
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 352
References
- “many”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2016, →ISBN.
- Douglas Harper (2001–2023), “many”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- Derksen, Rick (2008), “*mъnogъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 334: “adj. o ‘much, many’”