< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/laiþaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂leytos (“abhorrence, loath”), from *h₂leyt- (“to do something hateful, abhorrent”). Cognate with Proto-Celtic *lissus (“abhorrence”) (compare Old Irish lius, liuss (“loathing, disgust”)), Ancient Greek ἀλιτρός (alitrós, “sinful, wicked”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈlɑi̯.θɑz/
Adjective
*laiþaz
- loath; loathsome; disgusting
- unwilling; averse; reluctant
- offensive; hostile; hateful
- grievous; sweer; sad; sorry
Inflection
Declension of *laiþaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *laiþaz | *laiþai | *laiþō | *laiþôz | *laiþą, -atō | *laiþō |
| Accusative | *laiþanǭ | *laiþanz | *laiþǭ | *laiþōz | *laiþą, -atō | *laiþō |
| Genitive | *laiþas, -is | *laiþaizǫ̂ | *laiþaizōz | *laiþaizǫ̂ | *laiþas, -is | *laiþaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *laiþammai | *laiþaimaz | *laiþaizōi | *laiþaimaz | *laiþammai | *laiþaimaz |
| Instrumental | *laiþanō | *laiþaimiz | *laiþaizō | *laiþaimiz | *laiþanō | *laiþaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *laiþô | *laiþaniz | *laiþǭ | *laiþōniz | *laiþô | *laiþōnō |
| Accusative | *laiþanų | *laiþanunz | *laiþōnų | *laiþōnunz | *laiþô | *laiþōnō |
| Genitive | *laiþiniz | *laiþanǫ̂ | *laiþōniz | *laiþōnǫ̂ | *laiþiniz | *laiþanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *laiþini | *laiþammaz | *laiþōni | *laiþōmaz | *laiþini | *laiþammaz |
| Instrumental | *laiþinē | *laiþammiz | *laiþōnē | *laiþōmiz | *laiþinē | *laiþammiz |
Related terms
- *laiþą
- *laiþalīkaz
- *laiþatjaną
- *laiþijaną
- *laiþiþō
- *laiþōną
Descendants
- Old English: lāþ
- Middle English: lath, loth, lothe
- Scots: lathe, laith
- English: loath
- Scots: lothe, loith
- Middle English: lath, loth, lothe
- Old Frisian: lēth
- Saterland Frisian: läid
- West Frisian: leed
- Old Saxon: lēth
- Middle Low German: lêt, leit
- Low German:
- Westphalian:
- Münsterländisch: leed
- Westmünsterländisch: leed
- Westphalian:
- Low German:
- Middle Low German: lêt, leit
- Frankish: *laith, *leith
- Old Dutch: leith, *leid, *lēd
- Middle Dutch: lêet
- Dutch: leed
- Middle Dutch: lêet
- → Vulgar Latin: *laitus (see there for further descendants)
- Old Dutch: leith, *leid, *lēd
- Old High German: leid
- Middle High German: leit
- German: leid
- Silesian: leed
- Middle High German: leit
- Old Norse: leiðr
- Icelandic: leiður
- Faroese: leiður
- Norwegian: leid, led
- Old Swedish: lēþer
- Swedish: led
- Old Danish: lēth
- Danish: led
- Elfdalian: lieð
- Gutnish: laidar
- Scanian: leðer