< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kōlijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *kōlaz (“cool”) + *-janą, or possibly a causative formation equivalent to *kalaną (“to be cold, to freeze”) + *-janą.[1]
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ˈkɔː.li.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*kōlijaną[1][2]
- to make cold, to cool
Inflection
Conjugation of *kōlijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *kōlijō | *kōlijaų | — | *kōlijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kōlīsi | *kōlijais | *kōlī | *kōlijasai | *kōlijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *kōlīþi | *kōlijai | *kōlijaþau | *kōlijaþai | *kōlijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *kōlijōs | *kōlijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kōlijaþiz | *kōlijaiþiz | *kōlijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kōlijamaz | *kōlijaim | — | *kōlijanþai | *kōlijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *kōlīþ | *kōlijaiþ | *kōlīþ | *kōlijanþai | *kōlijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *kōlijanþi | *kōlijain | *kōlijanþau | *kōlijanþai | *kōlijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *kōlidǭ | *kōlidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *kōlidēz | *kōlidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *kōlidē | *kōlidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *kōlidēdū | *kōlidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *kōlidēdudiz | *kōlidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *kōlidēdum | *kōlidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *kōlidēdud | *kōlidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *kōlidēdun | *kōlidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *kōlijandz | *kōlidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *kōlijan
- Old English: cœ̄lan, cēlan, ċēlan
- Middle English: kelen, chelen
- English: keel
- Scots: kele, keyle
- Middle English: kelen, chelen
- Old Frisian: kēla
- Saterland Frisian: käile, köile
- Old Saxon: *kōlian
- Middle Low German: kö̂len, koilen, kůlen
- German Low German: köhlen
- Middle Low German: kö̂len, koilen, kůlen
- Old Dutch: *cuolen
- Middle Dutch: coelen
- Dutch: koelen
- Middle Dutch: coelen
- Old High German: kuolen
- Middle High German: küelen
- German: kühlen
- Middle High German: küelen
- Old English: cœ̄lan, cēlan, ċēlan
- Old Norse: kǿla
- Icelandic: kæla
- Swedish: kyla
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kōlu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 299: “*kōljan-”
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*kōljanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 219