Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kulą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Pre-Germanic *ǵulHom, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵwelH- (“to burn, shine”). Related to Old Irish gúal (“charcoal, coal”), Sanskrit ज्वलति (jválati, “to burn”), Lithuanian žvìlti (“to shine”).[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈku.lɑ̃/

Noun

*kulą n

coal

Inflection

neuter a-stemDeclension of *kulą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kulą	*kulō
vocative	*kulą	*kulō
accusative	*kulą	*kulō
genitive	kulas, kulis	*kulǫ̂
dative	*kulai	*kulamaz
instrumental	*kulō	*kulamiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kol
- Old English: col
  - Middle English: col, cole
    - English: coal
    - Scots: col, coll
- Old Frisian: kole
  - Saterland Frisian: Cole, Koole
  - West Frisian: koal
- Old Saxon: *kol
  - Middle Low German: kole
    - German Low German: Kahl, Kaal
    - Plautdietsch: Kol
- Old Dutch: *kol
  - Middle Dutch: kole
    - Dutch: kool
      - Afrikaans: kool
      - Jersey Dutch: kôl
      - Negerhollands: kool
      - → Caribbean Hindustani: koro
      - → Chinese: 高麗
      - → Indonesian: kol
      - → Mahican: gónan
      - → Papiamentu: kolo
      - → Sranan Tongo: kolo
    - Limburgish: koeal
- Old High German: kol
  - Middle High German: kol
    - Cimbrian: kholl
    - German: Kohle
    - Luxembourgish: Kuel
    - Yiddish: קויל‎ (koyl)
Old Norse: kol
- Icelandic: kol
- Faroese: kol
- Norwegian Nynorsk: kol
  - → Norwegian Bokmål: kol
- Jamtish: kuł
- Old Swedish: kol, kul
  - Swedish: kol
- Danish: kul
  - Norwegian Bokmål: kull

References

Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 309

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 309