< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krūdaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *grewt- (“to push; press”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkruː.ðɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*krūdaną[1]
- to crowd
- to press
- to drive
Inflection
Conjugation of *krūdaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *krūdō | *krūdaų | — | *krūdai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *krūdizi | *krūdaiz | *krūd | *krūdazai | *krūdaizau |
| 3rd singular | *krūdidi | *krūdai | *krūdadau | *krūdadai | *krūdaidau |
| 1st dual | *krūdōz | *krūdaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *krūdadiz | *krūdaidiz | *krūdadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *krūdamaz | *krūdaim | — | *krūdandai | *krūdaindau |
| 2nd plural | *krūdid | *krūdaid | *krūdid | *krūdandai | *krūdaindau |
| 3rd plural | *krūdandi | *krūdain | *krūdandau | *krūdandai | *krūdaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *kraud | *krudį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *kraust | *krudīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *kraud | *krudī | |||
| 1st dual | *krudū | *krudīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *krududiz | *krudīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *krudum | *krudīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *krudud | *krudīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *krudun | *krudīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *krūdandz | *krudanaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *krūdan
- Old English: crūdan
- Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden
- Scots: crood
- English: crowd
- Middle English: cruden, crouden, croden
- Old Frisian: *krūde, *krūe, *krūie
- Saterland Frisian: kröie
- West Frisian: kruie
- Old Saxon: *krūdan
- Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden
- German Low German: kroden
- Middle Low German: krǖden, krōden, kruden, kroden
- Old Dutch: *crūdan
- Middle Dutch: cruden
- Dutch: kruien
- Afrikaans: kruie, krui
- Dutch: kruien
- Middle Dutch: cruden
- Old High German: *krūtan
- Middle High German: kruden, kroten, kröten
- Old English: crūdan
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kreudan- ~ krūdan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 303