< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krītaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *greyd-, *grey- (“to shout”). Cognate with Middle Irish grith (“a cry”), Welsh gryd (“a scream”), Latin gingriō (“cackle; squawk; quack”, verb).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkriː.tɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*krītaną[1]
- to call out, scream, shout, proclaim
Inflection
Conjugation of *krītaną (strong class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *krītō | *krītaų | — | *krītai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *krītizi | *krītaiz | *krīt | *krītazai | *krītaizau |
| 3rd singular | *krītidi | *krītai | *krītadau | *krītadai | *krītaidau |
| 1st dual | *krītōz | *krītaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *krītadiz | *krītaidiz | *krītadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *krītamaz | *krītaim | — | *krītandai | *krītaindau |
| 2nd plural | *krītid | *krītaid | *krītid | *krītandai | *krītaindau |
| 3rd plural | *krītandi | *krītain | *krītandau | *krītandai | *krītaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *krait | *kritį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *kraist | *kritīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *krait | *kritī | |||
| 1st dual | *kritū | *kritīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *kritudiz | *kritīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *kritum | *kritīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *kritud | *kritīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *kritun | *kritīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *krītandz | *kritanaz | |||
Related terms
- *krīskaną
- *krīstaną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *krītan
- Old Frisian: *krīta
- Saterland Frisian: kriete
- West Frisian: krite
- Old Saxon: *krītan
- Middle Low German: krîten
- Low German: krieten
- Middle Low German: krîten
- Old Dutch: *crītan
- Middle Dutch: criten
- Dutch: krijten
- Middle Dutch: criten
- Old High German: *krīzan
- Middle High German: krīzen
- German: kreißen
- Middle High German: krīzen
- → Latin: crīdō
- Old French: crier
- Middle French: crier
- French: crier
- → Middle English: crien
- Scots: cry
- English: cry
- Middle French: crier
- Occitan: cridar
- Catalan: cridar
- Old Spanish: cridar
- Spanish: gritar
- Italian: gridare
- Old French: crier
- Old Frisian: *krīta
- Gothic: 𐌺𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (kreitan)
- → Russian: крик, кричать (krik, kričatʹ)
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*krītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 222