Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kringaną

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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kringaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative forms

• *krinkaną

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *grenǵʰ- (“to turn”). Related to Lithuanian gręžti (“to bore, drill”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkriŋ.ɡɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*kringaną[1][2]

1. to turn, fall, yield

Inflection

Conjugation of *kringaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*kringō	*kringaų	—	*kringai	?
2nd singular	*kringizi	*kringaiz	*kring	*kringazai	*kringaizau
3rd singular	*kringidi	*kringai	*kringadau	*kringadai	*kringaidau
1st dual	*kringōz	*kringaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*kringadiz	*kringaidiz	*kringadiz	—	—
1st plural	*kringamaz	*kringaim	—	*kringandai	*kringaindau
2nd plural	*kringid	*kringaid	*kringid	*kringandai	*kringaindau
3rd plural	*kringandi	*kringain	*kringandau	*kringandai	*kringaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krang	*krungį̄
2nd singular	*kranht	*krungīz
3rd singular	*krang	*krungī
1st dual	*krungū	*krungīw
2nd dual	*krungudiz	*krungīdiz
1st plural	*krungum	*krungīm
2nd plural	*krungud	*krungīd
3rd plural	*krungun	*krungīn
	present	past
participles	*kringandz	*krunganaz

Derived terms

• *krangaz
• *krangijaną
• *kringaz

Related terms

• *krunkōną

Descendants

• Old English: cringan, crincan (< *krinkaną)
• Old Dutch: *kringan
  • Middle Dutch: cringen
    • Dutch: kringen

References

1. Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kringan- ~ *krinkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 305
2. Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*krenʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 221