< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kreukaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
According to Kroonen the verb was associated with *kreupaną (“to crawl”) from an early stage. He suggests that the root final -k to arose from an earlier geminate -kk, which was adopted from the iterative verb *krukkōną. Related to Old Irish gruc (“wrinkle”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkreu̯.kɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*kreukaną[1]
- to fold, wrinkle
- to stoop, crawl
Inflection
Conjugation of *kreukaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *kreukō | *kreukaų | — | *kreukai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kriukizi | *kreukaiz | *kreuk | *kreukazai | *kreukaizau |
| 3rd singular | *kriukidi | *kreukai | *kreukadau | *kreukadai | *kreukaidau |
| 1st dual | *kreukōz | *kreukaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kreukadiz | *kreukaidiz | *kreukadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kreukamaz | *kreukaim | — | *kreukandai | *kreukaindau |
| 2nd plural | *kriukid | *kreukaid | *kriukid | *kreukandai | *kreukaindau |
| 3rd plural | *kreukandi | *kreukain | *kreukandau | *kreukandai | *kreukaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *krauk | *krukį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *krauht | *krukīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *krauk | *krukī | |||
| 1st dual | *krukū | *krukīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *krukudiz | *krukīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *krukum | *krukīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *krukud | *krukīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *krukun | *krukīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *kreukandz | *krukanaz | |||
Related terms
- *krukkōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *kreukan
- Old Frisian: *krūka
- West Frisian: krûke
- Old High German: kriochan
- Middle High German: kriechen
- German: kriechen
- Middle High German: kriechen
- Old Frisian: *krūka
- Old Norse: *krjúka
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: krjuke
- Norwegian Nynorsk: krjuke, krjuka
- Norwegian:
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kreukan- ~ *krūkan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 304