< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krangijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *kringaną (“to fall”) + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkrɑŋ.ɡi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*krangijaną
- to make turn, fall
Inflection
Conjugation of *krangijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *krangijō | *krangijaų | — | *krangijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *krangīsi | *krangijais | *krangī | *krangijasai | *krangijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *krangīþi | *krangijai | *krangijaþau | *krangijaþai | *krangijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *krangijōs | *krangijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *krangijaþiz | *krangijaiþiz | *krangijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *krangijamaz | *krangijaim | — | *krangijanþai | *krangijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *krangīþ | *krangijaiþ | *krangīþ | *krangijanþai | *krangijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *krangijanþi | *krangijain | *krangijanþau | *krangijanþai | *krangijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *krangidǭ | *krangidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *krangidēz | *krangidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *krangidē | *krangidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *krangidēdū | *krangidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *krangidēdudiz | *krangidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *krangidēdum | *krangidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *krangidēdud | *krangidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *krangidēdun | *krangidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *krangijandz | *krangidaz | |||
Descendants
- Old English: *crenġan, *crenċġan, *crenċan
- Middle English: crengen, crenchen, *crinchen
- Scots: crenge, creinge
- English: cringe, crinch
- Middle English: crengen, crenchen, *crinchen
- Old Saxon: *krengian
- Middle Low German: *krengen
- German Low German: krengen
- Middle Low German: *krengen
- Old Dutch: *krengen
- Middle Dutch: crengen
- Dutch: krengen
- Middle Dutch: crengen
- Old High German: *krengen
- Middle High German: *krengen
- German: krängen
- Middle High German: *krengen
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN