< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krakjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *gerg-, *grā- (“to crow, shout”), from Proto-Indo-European *gerh₂- (“to make a sound, cry hoarsely”), ultimately of onomatopoeic origin. Cognate with Lithuanian girgždėti (“to creak, squeak”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkrɑ.kjɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*krakjaną
- (West Germanic) to crack; crackle; shriek
Inflection
Conjugation of *krakjaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *krakjō | *krakjaų | — | *krakjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *krakisi | *krakjais | *kraki | *krakjasai | *krakjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *krakiþi | *krakjai | *krakjaþau | *krakjaþai | *krakjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *krakjōs | *krakjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *krakjaþiz | *krakjaiþiz | *krakjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *krakjamaz | *krakjaim | — | *krakjanþai | *krakjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *krakiþ | *krakjaiþ | *krakiþ | *krakjanþai | *krakjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *krakjanþi | *krakjain | *krakjanþau | *krakjanþai | *krakjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *krakidǭ | *krakidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *krakidēz | *krakidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *krakidē | *krakidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *krakidēdū | *krakidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *krakidēdudiz | *krakidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *krakidēdum | *krakidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *krakidēdud | *krakidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *krakidēdun | *krakidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *krakjandz | *krakidaz | |||
Related terms
- *krakōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *krakkjan
- Old English: *cræċċan, *ċiercan, ċircan
- Middle English: cracchen, crykken, cherken, chirken
- English: chirk
- Scots: chirk, jirg
- Middle English: cracchen, crykken, cherken, chirken
- Old Dutch: *krekken, *kreken
- Middle Dutch: kricken, creken
- Dutch: krieken; krikken (dialectal)
- ⇒ Middle Dutch: crekelen
- Dutch: krekelen (dialectal)
- →? Middle English: creken, criken
- English: creak
- → Old French: *criker
- Middle French: crikier
- French: criquer
- Middle French: crikier
- Middle Dutch: kricken, creken
- Old High German: krehhen, krechen, krekken, krecken
- Middle High German: krechen
- Old English: *cræċċan, *ċiercan, ċircan