Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kraftuz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Alternative reconstructions

*kraftiz[1][2][3]
*kraftaz[3]

Etymology

From *krafjaną (“to demand”)[2][3] + *-þuz.[4]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkrɑɸ.tuz/

Noun

*kraftuz f[4][2][3]

strength, power

Inflection

u-stemDeclension of *kraftuz (u-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kraftuz	*kraftiwiz
vocative	*kraftu	*kraftiwiz
accusative	*kraftų	*kraftunz
genitive	*kraftauz	*kraftiwǫ̂
dative	*kraftiwi	*kraftumaz
instrumental	*kraftū	*kraftumiz

Related terms

*krēbiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kraftu
- Old English: cræft m
  - Middle English: craft, creft
    - English: craft
    - Scots: craft
- Old Frisian: kreft f, kraft
  - Saterland Frisian: Kraft
  - West Frisian: krêft
- Old Saxon: kraft m or f, kraht
  - Middle Low German: kraft, kracht
    - German Low German: Kraft, Kracht
    - Low German: kraft
    - Plautdietsch: Krauft
- Old Dutch: craft f or m, kraft, creft
  - Middle Dutch: cracht, craft
    - Dutch: kracht
      - Afrikaans: krag
    - Limburgish: krach
- Old High German: kraft f or m
  - Middle High German: kraft
    - German: Kraft
    - Hunsrik: Kraft
    - Luxembourgish: Kraaft
    - Mòcheno: kròft
    - Vilamovian: kraoft
    - Yiddish: קראַפֿט‎ (kraft)
Old Norse: kraptr, krǫptr
- Icelandic: kraftur
- Faroese: kraft, kraftur
- Norwegian: kraft
- Elfdalian: kraft
- Old Swedish: krapter
  - Swedish: kraft
- Danish: kraft

References

Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Kraft”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN
Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*kraftiz ~ *kraftuz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 220
Hellquist, Elof (1922), “kraft”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 348: “*kraftu-, *krafti- (*krafta-?)”
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kraftu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300

[1] Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Kraft”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN

[HGE-2] Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*kraftiz ~ *kraftuz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 220

[SEO-3] Hellquist, Elof (1922), “kraft”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 348: “*kraftu-, *krafti- (*krafta-?)”

[EDPG-4] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kraftu-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300