< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krafjaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Alternative reconstructions
- *krabāną[1]
- *krabjaną[2]
Etymology
Related to *kraftuz (“force, strength”), of unknown origin. Possibly related to Umbrian Grabovio, *Grabo-, an Italic god of rocks and oak trees described in the Iguvine Tablets (see Ancient Greek γράβιον (grábion, “torch, brand”)).[3][4][5] Pokorny suggests a connection to Albanian kërrabë and Proto-West Germanic *krappō (“hook”), from Proto-Indo-European *grep- (“a hook, force”), extended form of *ger- (“to turn, wind”).[6]
Verb
*krafjaną[7][2]
- to demand
Inflection
Conjugation of *krafjaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *krafjō | *krafjaų | — | *krafjai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *krafisi | *krafjais | *krafi | *krafjasai | *krafjaisau |
| 3rd singular | *krafiþi | *krafjai | *krafjaþau | *krafjaþai | *krafjaiþau |
| 1st dual | *krafjōs | *krafjaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *krafjaþiz | *krafjaiþiz | *krafjaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *krafjamaz | *krafjaim | — | *krafjanþai | *krafjainþau |
| 2nd plural | *krafiþ | *krafjaiþ | *krafiþ | *krafjanþai | *krafjainþau |
| 3rd plural | *krafjanþi | *krafjain | *krafjanþau | *krafjanþai | *krafjainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *krafidǭ | *krafidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *krafidēz | *krafidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *krafidē | *krafidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *krafidēdū | *krafidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *krafidēdudiz | *krafidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *krafidēdum | *krafidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *krafidēdud | *krafidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *krafidēdun | *krafidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *krafjandz | *krafidaz | |||
Related terms
- *krēbiz
Derived terms
- *kraftuz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *krafōn (class 2 weak)
- Old English: crafian, crafiġean
- Middle English: craven, crave, cravyn, crawyn, krave
- English: crave
- Scots: crave
- Yola: crave
- Middle English: craven, crave, cravyn, crawyn, krave
- Old English: crafian, crafiġean
- Old Norse: krefja
- Icelandic: krefja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: krevja
- Old Swedish: kræfia, kræfiæ
- Swedish: kräva
- Danish: kræve
- Norwegian Bokmål: kreve
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*krabēn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
- Hellquist, Elof (1922), “2. kräva”, in Svensk etymologisk ordbok [Swedish etymological dictionary] (in Swedish), Lund: C. W. K. Gleerups förlag, page 363
- Dumezil (1954): Revue de Philologie 38.233
- Ancient Indo-European Dialects: Proceedings of the Conference on Indo-European Linguistics Held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25-27, 1963. (1966). United Kingdom: University of California Press, p. 61-62
- Roman and European Mythologies. (1992). United Kingdom: University of Chicago Press, p. 32
- Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 1039
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*krafjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 220