< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/knudaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
An "aorist-present", from Pre-Germanic *gnét-, *gn̥t-, with remodeling of the zero-grade after the full-grade, from Proto-Indo-European *gen- (“to compress”). Related to Proto-Slavic *gnesti (“to knead, press”) (> Old Church Slavonic гнєсти (gnesti, “to squeeze, press”)[1]).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈknu.ðɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*knudaną
- to knead
Inflection
The present tense has the zero grade vowel -u- rather than -e-. The past participle might have had either.
Conjugation of *knudaną (strong class 4)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *knudō | *knudaų | — | *knudai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *knudizi | *knudaiz | *knud | *knudazai | *knudaizau |
| 3rd singular | *knudidi | *knudai | *knudadau | *knudadai | *knudaidau |
| 1st dual | *knudōz | *knudaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *knudadiz | *knudaidiz | *knudadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *knudamaz | *knudaim | — | *knudandai | *knudaindau |
| 2nd plural | *knudid | *knudaid | *knudid | *knudandai | *knudaindau |
| 3rd plural | *knudandi | *knudain | *knudandau | *knudandai | *knudaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *knaþ | *knēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *knast | *knēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *knaþ | *knēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *knēdū | *knēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *knēdudiz | *knēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *knēdum | *knēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *knēdud | *knēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *knēdun | *knēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *knudandz | *knudanaz | |||
Related terms
- *knuttōną
Descendants
The West Germanic descendants have regularised the ablaut of this verb by replacing the -u- with -e-.
- Proto-West Germanic: *knedan
- Old English: cnedan
- Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
- English: knead
- Scots: kned
- Middle English: kneden, cnede, knede
- Old Frisian: *kneda
- Saterland Frisian: kneede
- ⇒ West Frisian: knetsje
- Old Saxon: knedan
- Middle Low German: knēden
- German Low German: kneden
- Middle Low German: knēden
- Old Dutch: *knedan
- Middle Dutch: cnēden
- Dutch: kneden
- Afrikaans: knee
- Dutch: kneden
- Middle Dutch: cnēden
- Old High German: knetan
- Middle High German: kneten
- German: kneten
- Esperanto: knedi
- Luxembourgish: knieden
- Vilamovian: knāta
- Yiddish: קנעטן (knetn)
- ⇒? Cimbrian: khnèttalan
- German: kneten
- Middle High German: kneten
- Old English: cnedan
- Old Norse: knoða
- Icelandic: hnoða
- Faroese: knoða
- Norwegian Nynorsk: knode
- Old Swedish: knodha
- Swedish: knåda
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN