< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/klōkaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Of uncertain origin.[1] Possibly related to Old Irish glicc (“shrewd, acute”), Scots gleg (“smart, quick”), Ancient Greek καλχαίνω (kalkhaínō, “to ponder”), Middle English begalewen (“to frighten, stupefy”).[2][3]
Adjective
*klōkaz[4]
- strong, quick, smart
Inflection
Declension of *klōkaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *klōkaz | *klōkai | *klōkō | *klōkôz | *klōką, -atō | *klōkō |
| Accusative | *klōkanǭ | *klōkanz | *klōkǭ | *klōkōz | *klōką, -atō | *klōkō |
| Genitive | *klōkas, -is | *klōkaizǫ̂ | *klōkaizōz | *klōkaizǫ̂ | *klōkas, -is | *klōkaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *klōkammai | *klōkaimaz | *klōkaizōi | *klōkaimaz | *klōkammai | *klōkaimaz |
| Instrumental | *klōkanō | *klōkaimiz | *klōkaizō | *klōkaimiz | *klōkanō | *klōkaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *klōkô | *klōkaniz | *klōkǭ | *klōkōniz | *klōkô | *klōkōnō |
| Accusative | *klōkanų | *klōkanunz | *klōkōnų | *klōkōnunz | *klōkô | *klōkōnō |
| Genitive | *klōkiniz | *klōkanǫ̂ | *klōkōniz | *klōkōnǫ̂ | *klōkiniz | *klōkanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *klōkini | *klōkammaz | *klōkōni | *klōkōmaz | *klōkini | *klōkammaz |
| Instrumental | *klōkinē | *klōkammiz | *klōkōnē | *klōkōmiz | *klōkinē | *klōkammiz |
Descendants
- Old Saxon: *klōk
- Middle Low German: klôk
- → Middle High German: kluoc
- German: klug
- Hunsrik: klugh
- Yiddish: קלוג (klug)
- → Old Norse: klókr
- Swedish: klok
- → Middle High German: kluoc
- Middle Low German: klôk
- Old Dutch: *cluoc
- Middle Dutch: cloec
- Dutch: kloek
- Middle Dutch: cloec
References
- Friedrich Kluge (1883), “klug”, in , John Francis Davis, transl., Etymological Dictionary of the German Language, published 1891
- MacBain, Alexander; Mackay, Eneas (1911), “Proto-Germanic/klōkaz”, in An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language, Stirling, →ISBN, page glic
- van der Sijs, Nicoline, editor (2010), “kloek2”, in Etymologiebank, Meertens Institute
- Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “kloek 2”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press: “pgm. *klōk-”