< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kewwaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵyewh₁- (compare Latin gingīva (“gums”), Tocharian B śuwaṃ (“to eat”), Polish żuć (“to chew”), Persian جویدن (ǰavīdan), Pashto [script needed] (žovạl, “to bite, gnaw”)).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkew.wɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*kewwaną[1][2]
- to chew
Inflection
Conjugation of *kewwaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *kewwō | *kewwaų | — | *kewwai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kiwwizi | *kewwaiz | *keww | *kewwazai | *kewwaizau |
| 3rd singular | *kiwwidi | *kewwai | *kewwadau | *kewwadai | *kewwaidau |
| 1st dual | *kewwōz | *kewwaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kewwadiz | *kewwaidiz | *kewwadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kewwamaz | *kewwaim | — | *kewwandai | *kewwaindau |
| 2nd plural | *kiwwid | *kewwaid | *kiwwid | *kewwandai | *kewwaindau |
| 3rd plural | *kewwandi | *kewwain | *kewwandau | *kewwandai | *kewwaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *kau(w) | *kuwį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *kau(w)t | *kuwīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *kau(w) | *kuwī | |||
| 1st dual | *kuwū | *kuwīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *kuwudiz | *kuwīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *kuwum | *kuwīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *kuwud | *kuwīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *kuwun | *kuwīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *kewwandz | *kuwanaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *keuwan
- Old English: ċēowan
- Middle English: cheowen, chewen, chowen
- English: chew; chaw
- → Pennsylvania German: tschaae
- Scots: chaw, chow
- English: chew; chaw
- Middle English: cheowen, chewen, chowen
- Old Frisian: *kiāwa, *kiāwja
- West Frisian: kôgje, koaie
- Saterland Frisian: kauje
- Old Saxon: kiuwan, kiwan
- Middle Low German: keuwen, kouwen, kauwen, kowen, kauen, kuwen
- German Low German: kauen
- Low German: käwwen
- Middle Low German: keuwen, kouwen, kauwen, kowen, kauen, kuwen
- Old Dutch: *kiuwan
- Middle Dutch: couwen
- Dutch: kauwen
- Limburgish: kówwe
- Middle Dutch: couwen
- Old High German: kiuwan
- Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen, kouwen
- Alemannic German: chüüwe
- Bavarian: kuin (dialectal)
- German: kauen
- Hunsrik: kaue
- Middle High German: kiuwen, kūwen, kewen, kouwen
- Old English: ċēowan
- Old Norse: tyggja, tyggva (< *kjuwwa; t- maybe from synonym tǫgla)
- Icelandic: tyggja
- Faroese: tyggja
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: tygge
- Norwegian Nynorsk: tygga, tygge, tyggja, tyggje
- Old Swedish: tiugga, tugga
- Swedish: tugga
- Danish: tygge
- Dalian: tugga
- Westrobothnian: tågg
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kewwan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 286-287
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*kewwanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 213