< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaldāną
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *kaldaz (“cold”) + *-āną.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑl.dɑː.nɑ̃/
Verb
*kaldāną[1]
- to become cold
Inflection
Conjugation of *kaldāną (weak class 3)
active voice | passive voice | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
1st singular | *kaldō | *? | — | *? | *? |
2nd singular | *kaldaisi | *? | *kaldai | *kaldāsai | *? |
3rd singular | *kaldaiþi | *? | *kaldāþau | *kaldāþai | *? |
1st dual | *kaldōs | *? | — | — | — |
2nd dual | *kaldāþiz | *? | *kaldāþiz | — | — |
1st plural | *kaldāmaz | *? | — | *kaldānþai | *? |
2nd plural | *kaldaiþ | *? | *kaldaiþ | *kaldānþai | *? |
3rd plural | *kaldānþi | *? | *kaldānþau | *kaldānþai | *? |
past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
1st singular | *kaldadǭ | *kaldadēdį̄ | |||
2nd singular | *kaldadēz | *kaldadēdīz | |||
3rd singular | *kaldadē | *kaldadēdī | |||
1st dual | *kaldadēdū | *kaldadēdīw | |||
2nd dual | *kaldadēdudiz | *kaldadēdīdiz | |||
1st plural | *kaldadēdum | *kaldadēdīm | |||
2nd plural | *kaldadēdud | *kaldadēdīd | |||
3rd plural | *kaldadēdun | *kaldadēdīn | |||
present | past | ||||
participles | *kaldāndz | *kaldadaz |
Descendants
- West Germanic: *kaldēn
- Old English: cealdian
- Old High German: kaltēn
- Old Norse: kalda
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*kaldēnan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 209