< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaizwijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Alternative reconstructions
- *karjaną
- *karzijaną
- *kaurijaną
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈkɑi̯.zwi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*kaizwijaną[1]
- to turn
- to direct
Inflection
Conjugation of *kaizwijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *kaizwijō | *kaizwijaų | — | *kaizwijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *kaizwīsi | *kaizwijais | *kaizwī | *kaizwijasai | *kaizwijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *kaizwīþi | *kaizwijai | *kaizwijaþau | *kaizwijaþai | *kaizwijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *kaizwijōs | *kaizwijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *kaizwijaþiz | *kaizwijaiþiz | *kaizwijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *kaizwijamaz | *kaizwijaim | — | *kaizwijanþai | *kaizwijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *kaizwīþ | *kaizwijaiþ | *kaizwīþ | *kaizwijanþai | *kaizwijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *kaizwijanþi | *kaizwijain | *kaizwijanþau | *kaizwijanþai | *kaizwijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *kaizwidǭ | *kaizwidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *kaizwidēz | *kaizwidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *kaizwidē | *kaizwidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *kaizwidēdū | *kaizwidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *kaizwidēdudiz | *kaizwidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *kaizwidēdum | *kaizwidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *kaizwidēdud | *kaizwidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *kaizwidēdun | *kaizwidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *kaizwijandz | *kaizwidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *kaiʀwijan
- Old English: cierran
- Old Saxon: kērian
- Middle Low German: kēren
- Low German: keren
- Middle Low German: kēren
- Old Dutch: *kēren
- Middle Dutch: kêren
- Dutch: keren
- Middle Dutch: kêren
- Old High German: keren
- Middle High German: keren
- German: kehren
- Middle High German: keren
- Old Norse: keyra
- Icelandic: keyra
- Faroese: koyra
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: kjøre
- Norwegian Nynorsk: køyre
- Old Swedish: kø̄ra
- Swedish: köra
- Old Danish: kø̄ræ
- Danish: køre
- Westrobothnian: kjör
- Elfdalian: tjyöra
- Gutnish: kåire
- Scanian: køra
- → Middle English: cairen, kayren
- English: cair
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*kaizwjan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 277