Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/kaisaraz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Borrowed at an early stage from Latin Caesar.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈkɑi̯.sɑ.rɑz/

Noun

*kaisaraz m

emperor (of Rome)

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *kaisaraz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*kaisaraz	kaisarōz, kaisarōs
vocative	*kaisar	kaisarōz, kaisarōs
accusative	*kaisarą	*kaisaranz
genitive	kaisaras, kaisaris	*kaisarǫ̂
dative	*kaisarai	*kaisaramaz
instrumental	*kaisarō	*kaisaramiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *kaisar
- Old English: cāsere, cāsaer, cāser
  - Middle English: casere, kasere; caser, casare, kasar
    - Middle Scots: casar, casere, cazard
- Old Frisian: kaiser, keiser
  - Saterland Frisian: Kaiser
  - West Frisian: keizer
- Old Saxon: kēsar, *keisari
  - Middle Low German: *keisere
    - Plautdietsch: Kjeisa
  - → Old Norse: keisari
    - Icelandic: keisari
    - Faroese: keisari
    - Norwegian:
      - Norwegian Bokmål: keiser
      - Norwegian Nynorsk: keisar
    - Swedish: kejsare
    - Danish: kejser
    - Gutnish: kaisare
    - → Finnish: keisari
- Old Dutch: keiser
  - Middle Dutch: keiser
    - Dutch: keizer
- Old High German: keisar, keisur
  - Middle High German: keiser
    - German: Kaiser, Kayser, Käiser, Käyser, Keiser, Keyser
      - → Russian: ка́йзер (kájzer, kájzɛr)
    - Luxembourgish: Keeser
  - → Middle English: kayser, caisare, caiser, caisoure, cayser, caysere, kaiser, kaisere, keiser
    - ⇒ English: Kaiser, kaiser
      - → Scots: Kaiser
Old Norse: kjárr
Gothic: 𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂 (kaisar)
→ Proto-Slavic: *cěsařь (from an uncertain Germanic language; not directly from Proto-Germanic) (see there for further descendants)