Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jūz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *yū́, plural of *túh₂.

Alternative forms

*jīz (North-West Germanic)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /juːz/

Pronoun

*jūz

you (plural)

Inflection

Proto-Germanic personal pronouns

singular	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	ek (unstr. ik)	*þū	(*se-)
accusative	mek (unstr. mik)	þek (unstr. þik)	sek (unstr. sik)
dative/instr	*miz	*þiz	*siz
possessive	*mīnaz	*þīnaz	*sīnaz
dual	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	wet (unstr. wit)	jut, jit	(*se-)
accusative	*unk	*inkw	sek (unstr. sik)
dative/instr	*unkiz	*inkwiz	*siz
possessive	*unkeraz	*inkweraz	*sīnaz
plural	first person	second person	reflexive
nominative	wīz (unstr. wiz)	jūz, jīz	(*se-)
accusative	*uns	*izwiz	sek (unstr. sik)
dative/instr	*unsiz	*izwiz	*siz
possessive	*unseraz	*izweraz	*sīnaz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *jiʀ
- Old English: ġē
  - Middle English: ye, yee, ȝe, ȝee, yeȝ, yhe, ȝhe, ge, iye, yie, ȝie, gie, hye, hie, ȝeo, geo
    - English: ye, yee
    - Scots: ȝe, ye
    - Yola: ye
- Old Frisian: jī
  - North Frisian: jam, i (Sylt)
  - Saterland Frisian: jie
  - West Frisian: jim, jimme
- Old Saxon: gī
  - Middle Low German: gî, gê, î, y, ie, jê
    - Low German: ji, jie
      - Plautdietsch: jie
- Old Dutch: gī
  - Middle Dutch: gi
    - Dutch: gij, jij
      - Afrikaans: jy
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: ju
      - Jersey Dutch: jāi
      - Negerhollands: joe, ju
      - Petjo: jij
    - Limburgish: geer
- Old High German: ir, ier, er, aer, gi
  - Middle High German: ir
    - Alemannic German: ir
    - Bavarian:
      - Cimbrian: iar, iart
      - Mòcheno: ir
    - Central Franconian: ühr, ihr, dihr (d- from verb ending by rebracketing)
      - Hunsrik: deer
      - Luxembourgish: dir
    - German: ihr
    - Rhine Franconian:
      - Pennsylvania German: dihr
    - Yiddish: איר‎ (ir), איהר‎ (ihr)
Proto-Norse: *ᛃᛁᛉ (*jiʀ)
- Old West Norse: ér
  - ⇒ Old West Norse: þér (← hafið ér)
    - Icelandic: þér
    - Faroese: tær
    - Norwegian Nynorsk: de (also from þit)
- Old East Norse: *īʀ
  - Westrobothnian: je, i, ji, jä, gje
  - Old Swedish: īr, ī
    - Swedish: I, ni (← hafven I)
  - Danish: I
    - Norwegian Bokmål: I
- Old Gutnish: ir, ᛁᛦ (iʀ /īʀ/)
Gothic: 𐌾𐌿𐍃 (jūs)