Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/jehwlą

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Perhaps from a Proto-Indo-European *yek- (“joke, play”) (compare Latin iocus?). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

In that case, related to *jehaną and *jihtiz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈjexʷ.lɑ̃/

Noun

*jehwlą n

festivity, celebration
(in the plural) Yule (literally "the festivities")

Inflection

The plural descends from an Indo-European collective noun and shows the original Verner alternant *gw, which later became *w (represented by *u).

neuter a-stemDeclension of *jehwlą (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*jehwlą	*jeulō
vocative	*jehwlą	*jeulō
accusative	*jehwlą	*jeulō
genitive	jehwlas, jihwlis	*jeulǫ̂
dative	*jihwlai	*jeulamaz
instrumental	*jehwlō	*jeulamiz

Descendants

Old English: ġēol, ġehhol, ġehhel, ġēohol, ġēohel, ġēohhel, iūl, ġiūl, iōl, ġeohhel, ġeochol, ġeohhol, ġeohol
- Middle English: yol, yole, ȝeolue, yiol, ȝol, ȝole, Yoil, yolde, ȝoul, ȝowl, ȝoule, Yhole, youle
  - English: Yule
  - Scots: Yull
Proto-Norse: *ᛖᚢᛚᚢ (*eulu)
- Old Norse: jól, *iūl
  - Icelandic: jól
  - Faroese: jól
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: jol
  - Old Swedish: iūl
    - Swedish: jul
  - Old Danish: iūl
    - Danish: jul
      - Norwegian Bokmål: jul
        → Norwegian Nynorsk: jul (partially from an earlier East Nordic borrowing)
      - → German: Jul
        → Dutch: joel
        ⇒ German: Julfest
        → Dutch: joelfeest
      - → Greenlandic: juulli
  - → Finnish: joulu (via early plural *jǫulu or *jólu)
  - → Ingrian: Joulu
  - → Estonian: jõulud
  - →? Old French: jolif (see there for further descendants)
? Gothic: 𐌾𐌹𐌿𐌻𐌴𐌹𐍃 (jiuleis)
? → Finnish: juhla