Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iþō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-iteh₂ (“-th”), *-teh₂.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /i.θɔː/

Noun

*-iþō f

-ness, -th. Forms abstract nouns from verbs, adjectives or other nouns.

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *-iþō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-iþō	*-iþôz
vocative	*-iþō	*-iþôz
accusative	*-iþǭ	*-iþōz
genitive	*-iþōz	*-iþǫ̂
dative	*-iþōi	*-iþōmaz
instrumental	*-iþō	*-iþōmiz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-iþō

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *-iþu
- Old English: -þ, -þu, -þo, -t, -to
  - Middle English: -the, -ðe, -ðhe, -eth, -ethe, -ith, -ithe, -th, -þ, -þe, -yth; -t, -te
    - English: -th, -t
    - Scots: -th, -t
- Old Frisian: -ithe, -te
  - Saterland Frisian: -te
  - West Frisian: -te
- Old Saxon: -itha
  - Middle Low German: -ede, -de, -te
    - Low German: -de, -te
    - → German: -te
- Old Dutch: -itha
  - Middle Dutch: -ede, -de, -te
    - Dutch: -te, -de
- Old High German: -ida
  - Middle High German: -ede
    - German: -de (rare, not productive)
    - Luxembourgish: -t
Old Norse: -ð, -d
- Icelandic: -ð, -d
- Faroese: -d
- Swedish: -d
- Danish: -de
- Norwegian: -de, -d
Gothic: -𐌹𐌸𐌰 (-iþa), -𐌹𐌳𐌰 (-ida)