< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/iz
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ís, *éy.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /iz/
Pronoun
*iz
- he, she, it, they; 3rd person personal pronoun
Inflection
Declension of *iz (irregular)
Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
Nominative | *iz | *īz | *sī | *ijôz | *it | *ijō |
Accusative | *inǭ | *inz | *ijǭ | *ijōz | *it | *ijō |
Genitive | *es | *ezǫ̂ | *ezōz | *ezǫ̂ | *es | *ezǫ̂ |
Dative | *immai | *imaz | *ezōi | *imaz | *immai | *imaz |
Instrumental | *inō | *imiz | *ezō | *imiz | *inō | *imiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *iʀ
- Old English: ī- (“self; same”, prefix)
- Old Frisian: -er, -ere
- Saterland Frisian: er
- West Frisian: er
- Old High German: ēr
- Middle High German: ër
- Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër
- Swabian: er, ear
- Bavarian: er
- Cimbrian: èar, ar; er
- Mòcheno: er
- Central Franconian: er
- Hunsrik: er, ëyer
- East Central German: er, ar, ea
- German: er
- East Franconian: er, ea, ar
- Rhine Franconian: er, ér, éa
- Pennsylvania German: er
- Yiddish: ער (er)
- Alemannic German: er, är, aer, er, ër
- Middle High German: ër
- Old Norse: es, er
- Faroese: er
- Icelandic: er
- Old Swedish: ær
- Westrobothnian: -es
- Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)
- Crimean Gothic: ies
- From inflected forms
Nominative
- *sī (singular feminine) (< *sih₂)
- Proto-West Germanic: *sī, *si(j)u
- Gothic: 𐍃𐌹 (si)
- *it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)
- *īz (plural masculine) (< *éyes)
- Gothic: 𐌴𐌹𐍃 (eis)
- *ijôz (plural feminine) (< *íh₂es)
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)
- *ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)
Accusative
- *inǭ (singular masculine) (< *ím)
- Old Saxon: ina
- Middle Low German: ine, ene, one
- German Low German: ne, en
- Middle Low German: ine, ene, one
- Old Dutch: ina
- Old High German: inan
- Middle High German: in, inen
- Alemannic German: in
- Cimbrian: in, inn
- German: ihn
- Hunsrik: ihn
- Middle High German: in, inen
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐌰 (ina)
- Old Saxon: ina
- *ijǭ (singular feminine) (< [Term?])
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)
- *it (singular neuter) (< *íd) (see there for further descendants)
- *inz (plural masculine) (< *íns)
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ins)
- *ijōz (plural feminine) (< [Term?])
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐍉𐍃 (ijōs)
- *ijō (plural neuter) (< *íh₂)
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌾𐌰 (ija)
Genitive
- *es (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésyo)
- Old Saxon: is
- Middle Low German: is, es
- Old High German: es, is
- Middle High German: es
- Gothic: 𐌹𐍃 (is)
- Old Saxon: is
- *ezōz (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂s)
- Old Saxon: ira, iru, iro, ire
- Middle Low German: ēr
- Dutch Low Saxon: eur
- German Low German: üor, ehr, eer
- Middle Low German: ēr
- Old Dutch: iro
- Old High German: ira
- Middle High German: ire, ir
- German: ihrer
- Middle High German: ire, ir
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐍉𐍃 (izōs)
- Old Saxon: ira, iru, iro, ire
- *ezǫ̂ (plural, all genders) (< *éysom)
- Old Saxon: iro
- Middle Low German: erer, er, orer, or, irer
- German Low German: ehr, öhren
- Middle Low German: erer, er, orer, or, irer
- Old Dutch: iro
- Middle Dutch: er
- Dutch: er
- Middle Dutch: er
- Old High German: iro
- Middle High German: ire, ir
- German: ihrer
- Middle High German: ire, ir
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌴 (izē), 𐌹𐌶𐍉 (izō)
- Old Saxon: iro
Dative
- *immai (singular masculine, singular neuter) (< *ésmey)
- Old Saxon: imu
- Middle Low German: ime, eme, ome, gim, jum, um
- Dutch Low Saxon: em, um
- German Low German: em, äm
- Plautdietsch: am
- Middle Low German: ime, eme, ome, gim, jum, um
- Old Dutch: imo
- Old High German: imu, imo
- Middle High German: ime, im
- Alemannic German: im
- Cimbrian: iime
- German: ihm
- Hunsrik: ihm
- Yiddish: אים (im)
- Middle High German: ime, im
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌼𐌼𐌰 (imma)
- Old Saxon: imu
- *ezōi (singular feminine) (< *ésyeh₂ey)
- Old Saxon: iru
- Middle Low German: ere
- Dutch Low Saxon: eur
- German Low German: ehr, üör, iär, öhr
- Middle Low German: ere
- Old High German: iru, iro
- Middle High German: ir
- Alemannic German: ire
- Cimbrian: iar
- German: ihr
- Hunsrik: eer
- Yiddish: איר (ir)
- Middle High German: ir
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌶𐌰𐌹 (izai)
- Old Saxon: iru
- *imaz (plural, all genders) (< [Term?])
- Old Saxon: im, imo
- Middle Low German: one, gim, jum
- German Low German: jüm, jem
- Middle Low German: one, gim, jum
- Old Dutch: im
- Old High German: im, in
- Middle High German: in
- Alemannic German: ine, ene
- German: ihnen
- ⇒ Cimbrian: innàndarn
- Middle High German: in
- Gothic: 𐌹𐌼 (im)
- Old Saxon: im, imo