Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/ilhilaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₁elk-. Probably cognate with Proto-Celtic *ulkos (“bad, evil”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈil.xi.lɑz/

Adjective

*ilhilaz

(North Germanic) evil, bad
Synonym: *ubilaz

Inflection

Declension of *ilhilaz (a-stem)

Strong declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*ilhilaz	*ilhilai	*ilhilō	*ilhilôz	*ilhilą, -atō	*ilhilō
Accusative	*ilhilanǭ	*ilhilanz	*ilhilǭ	*ilhilōz	*ilhilą, -atō	*ilhilō
Genitive	*ilhilas, -is	*ilhilaizǫ̂	*ilhilaizōz	*ilhilaizǫ̂	*ilhilas, -is	*ilhilaizǫ̂
Dative	*ilhilammai	*ilhilaimaz	*ilhilaizōi	*ilhilaimaz	*ilhilammai	*ilhilaimaz
Instrumental	*ilhilanō	*ilhilaimiz	*ilhilaizō	*ilhilaimiz	*ilhilanō	*ilhilaimiz

Weak declension
Case	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	*ilhilô	*ilhilaniz	*ilhilǭ	*ilhilōniz	*ilhilô	*ilhilōnō
Accusative	*ilhilanų	*ilhilanunz	*ilhilōnų	*ilhilōnunz	*ilhilô	*ilhilōnō
Genitive	*ilhiliniz	*ilhilanǫ̂	*ilhilōniz	*ilhilōnǫ̂	*ilhiliniz	*ilhilanǫ̂
Dative	*ilhilini	*ilhilammaz	*ilhilōni	*ilhilōmaz	*ilhilini	*ilhilammaz
Instrumental	*ilhilinē	*ilhilammiz	*ilhilōnē	*ilhilōmiz	*ilhilinē	*ilhilammiz

Antonyms

*gōdaz

Descendants

Old Norse: illr
- Icelandic: illur
- Faroese: illur
- Old Swedish: ilder, īller
  - Swedish: illa
- Danish: ilde
  - Norwegian Bokmål: ille
- Westrobothnian: il
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ille
- → Middle English: ille, ill, il
  - English: ill
  - Scots: ill
  - Yola: ill
→ Proto-Finnic: *ilkeda
- Estonian: ilge
- Finnish: ilkeä
  - → Votic: hilkiä
- Ingrian: ilkiä
- Karelian: (Northern) ilkie, (Southern) ilgie
- Livvi: ilgei
- Votic: ilka
- → Northern Sami: ilgat
- → Inari Sami: ilgâd