< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hummōną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Indo-European *km̥H-néh₂-ti, probably onomatopoeic from a root *kemH- (“to hum”). Cognate with Lithuanian kìmti (“wheeze, become hoarse”), kimùs (“hoarse”), Proto-Slavic *čьmèľь (“bumblebee”), *komãrъ (“mosquito”).
Verb
*hummōną
- to hum
Inflection
Conjugation of *hummōną (weak class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hummō | *hummǭ | — | *hummōi | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hummōsi | *hummōs | *hummō | *hummōsai | *hummōsau |
| 3rd singular | *hummōþi | *hummō | *hummōþau | *hummōþai | *hummōþau |
| 1st dual | *hummōs | *hummōw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hummōþiz | *hummōþiz | *hummōþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hummōmaz | *hummōm | — | *hummōnþai | *hummōnþau |
| 2nd plural | *hummōþ | *hummōþ | *hummōþ | *hummōnþai | *hummōnþau |
| 3rd plural | *hummōnþi | *hummōn | *hummōnþau | *hummōnþai | *hummōnþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hummōdǭ | *hummōdēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hummōdēz | *hummōdēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hummōdē | *hummōdēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *hummōdēdū | *hummōdēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hummōdēdudiz | *hummōdēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hummōdēdum | *hummōdēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hummōdēdud | *hummōdēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hummōdēdun | *hummōdēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hummōndz | *hummōdaz | |||
Related terms
- *humelaz (“bumblebee”)
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hummōn
- Old English: hummen (“to buzz, hum”)
- Middle English: hummen (“to hum, buzz, drone”)
- English: hum
- Middle English: hummen (“to hum, buzz, drone”)
- Dutch: hommelen (“to bumble, buzz”); hommen (“to buzz, hum”) (dialectal)
- Middle High German: hummen (“to hum”)
- German: hummen, hummeln
- Old English: hummen (“to buzz, hum”)
- Norwegian: humre (“whinny softly”)
Further reading
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*humela-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 255: “m. 'bumblebee'”