< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hulaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Uncertain. Various explanations have been proposed, none without problems.
- From *ḱel- (“to cover”), the root of *helaną.[1] The regular outcome of the zero grade would be *hl-, but it is possible that u was inserted to avoid a nonsyllabic root, by analogy with many other Germanic zero grades.
- From *ḱewh₁- (“to swell”).[2] A long vowel would be expected in the zero grade due to the following laryngeal, but Kroonen explains this away as "pretonic shortening". In this case, related to Latin cavus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxu.lɑz/
Adjective
*hulaz
- hollow
Inflection
Declension of *hulaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *hulaz | *hulai | *hulō | *hulôz | *hulą, -atō | *hulō |
| Accusative | *hulanǭ | *hulanz | *hulǭ | *hulōz | *hulą, -atō | *hulō |
| Genitive | *hulas, -is | *hulaizǫ̂ | *hulaizōz | *hulaizǫ̂ | *hulas, -is | *hulaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *hulammai | *hulaimaz | *hulaizōi | *hulaimaz | *hulammai | *hulaimaz |
| Instrumental | *hulanō | *hulaimiz | *hulaizō | *hulaimiz | *hulanō | *hulaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *hulô | *hulaniz | *hulǭ | *hulōniz | *hulô | *hulōnō |
| Accusative | *hulanų | *hulanunz | *hulōnų | *hulōnunz | *hulô | *hulōnō |
| Genitive | *huliniz | *hulanǫ̂ | *hulōniz | *hulōnǫ̂ | *huliniz | *hulanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *hulini | *hulammaz | *hulōni | *hulōmaz | *hulini | *hulammaz |
| Instrumental | *hulinē | *hulammiz | *hulōnē | *hulōmiz | *hulinē | *hulammiz |
Derived terms
- *hulą
- *hulhwaz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hol
- Old English: hol
- Middle English: hol, hole, holle
- English: holl
- Scots: holl, how, howe
- Middle English: hol, hole, holle
- Old Frisian: hol
- Saterland Frisian: hol
- West Frisian: hol
- Old Saxon: hol
- Middle Low German: hol
- German Low German: holl
- Middle Low German: hol
- Old Dutch: *hol
- Middle Dutch: hol
- Dutch: hol
- Middle Dutch: hol
- Old High German: hol
- Middle High German: hol
- Alemannic German: hol
- German: hohl
- Luxembourgish: huel
- Middle High German: hol
- Old English: hol
- Old Norse: holr
- Icelandic: holur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hol
- → Norwegian Bokmål: hol
- Old Swedish: hul, hol
- Swedish: hål (archaic)
- Westrobothnian: hȯhl
- Danish: hul
- Norwegian Bokmål: hul
References
- Philippa, Marlies; Debrabandere, Frans; Quak, Arend; Schoonheim, Tanneke; van der Sijs, Nicoline (2003–2009), “hol 1”, in Etymologisch woordenboek van het Nederlands (in Dutch), Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hula-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 253