< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrūtaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxruː.tɑ.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
Derived from the iterative verb *hruttōną (“to snore, roar”).[1]
Alternative forms
- *hreutaną
Verb
*hrūtaną[1][2]
- To snore
Inflection
Conjugation of *hrūtaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hrūtō | *hrūtaų | — | *hrūtai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hrūtizi | *hrūtaiz | *hrūt | *hrūtazai | *hrūtaizau |
| 3rd singular | *hrūtidi | *hrūtai | *hrūtadau | *hrūtadai | *hrūtaidau |
| 1st dual | *hrūtōz | *hrūtaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hrūtadiz | *hrūtaidiz | *hrūtadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hrūtamaz | *hrūtaim | — | *hrūtandai | *hrūtaindau |
| 2nd plural | *hrūtid | *hrūtaid | *hrūtid | *hrūtandai | *hrūtaindau |
| 3rd plural | *hrūtandi | *hrūtain | *hrūtandau | *hrūtandai | *hrūtaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hraut | *hrutį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hraust | *hrutīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hraut | *hrutī | |||
| 1st dual | *hrutū | *hrutīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hrutudiz | *hrutīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hrutum | *hrutīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hrutud | *hrutīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hrutun | *hrutīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hrūtandz | *hrutanaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hrūtan
- Old English: hrūtan
- Middle English: routen, roten
- English: rout
- Scots: rout
- Middle English: routen, roten
- Old Frisian: hrūta
- West Frisian: rute
- Old Saxon: hrūtan
- Middle Low German: ruten
- Old Dutch: *rūtan
- Middle Dutch: ruten
- Dutch: ruiten (obsolete)
- Middle Dutch: ruten
- Old High German: rūzan, rūzzan
- Middle High German: rūzen
- Old English: hrūtan
- Old Norse: hrjóta (<*hreutaną)
- Faroese: rjóta, róta
- Icelandic: hrjóta
- Elfdalian: riuota
Etymology 2
Related to *hreusaną (“to fall”)
Alternative forms
- *hreutaną
Verb
*hrūtaną[3]
- To fall, fly, move quickly
Inflection
Conjugation of *hrūtaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hrūtō | *hrūtaų | — | *hrūtai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hrūtizi | *hrūtaiz | *hrūt | *hrūtazai | *hrūtaizau |
| 3rd singular | *hrūtidi | *hrūtai | *hrūtadau | *hrūtadai | *hrūtaidau |
| 1st dual | *hrūtōz | *hrūtaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hrūtadiz | *hrūtaidiz | *hrūtadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hrūtamaz | *hrūtaim | — | *hrūtandai | *hrūtaindau |
| 2nd plural | *hrūtid | *hrūtaid | *hrūtid | *hrūtandai | *hrūtaindau |
| 3rd plural | *hrūtandi | *hrūtain | *hrūtandau | *hrūtandai | *hrūtaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hraut | *hrutį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hraust | *hrutīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hraut | *hrutī | |||
| 1st dual | *hrutū | *hrutīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hrutudiz | *hrutīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hrutum | *hrutīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hrutud | *hrutīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hrutun | *hrutīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hrūtandz | *hrutanaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hrūtan
- Old English: hrūtan
- Middle English: routen, roten
- English: rout
- Scots: rout
- Middle English: routen, roten
- Old Frisian: hrūta
- West Frisian: rute
- Old Saxon: hrūtan
- Middle Low German: ruten
- Old Dutch: *rūtan
- Middle Dutch: ruten
- Dutch: ruiten (obsolete)
- Middle Dutch: ruten
- Old High German: rūzan, rūzzan
- Middle High German: rūzen
- Old English: hrūtan
- Old Norse: hrjóta
- Icelandic: hrjóta
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hreutan- ~ *hrutan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 246
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xreutanan ~ xrūtanan I”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 186
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xreutanan ~ xrūtanan II”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 186