< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrōpaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Probably from the same root as Ancient Greek κόραξ (kórax), Latin corvus (“raven”), Lithuanian šárka (“magpie”) in the sense of "caw".
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxrɔː.pɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hrōpaną[1][2]
- to cry out, call, shout
Inflection
Conjugation of *hrōpaną (strong class 7e)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hrōpō | *hrōpaų | — | *hrōpai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hrōpizi | *hrōpaiz | *hrōp | *hrōpazai | *hrōpaizau |
| 3rd singular | *hrōpidi | *hrōpai | *hrōpadau | *hrōpadai | *hrōpaidau |
| 1st dual | *hrōpōz | *hrōpaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hrōpadiz | *hrōpaidiz | *hrōpadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hrōpamaz | *hrōpaim | — | *hrōpandai | *hrōpaindau |
| 2nd plural | *hrōpid | *hrōpaid | *hrōpid | *hrōpandai | *hrōpaindau |
| 3rd plural | *hrōpandi | *hrōpain | *hrōpandau | *hrōpandai | *hrōpaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hehrōp | *hehrōpį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hehrōft | *hehrōpīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hehrōp | *hehrōpī | |||
| 1st dual | *hehrōpū | *hehrōpīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hehrōpudiz | *hehrōpīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hehrōpum | *hehrōpīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hehrōpud | *hehrōpīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hehrōpun | *hehrōpīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hrōpandz | *hrōpanaz | |||
Related terms
- *hrōpaz
- *hrōpijaną
- *hrōpōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hrōpan
- Old English: hrōpan
- Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
- English: roop, roup
- Scots: roup; croup
- → English: croup
- → Dutch: kroep
- → French: croup
- → English: croup
- Middle English: ropen, rope, roupe, rupe
- Old Frisian: hrōpa
- Saterland Frisian: ropa
- Saterland Frisian: roupe
- West Frisian: roppe
- Saterland Frisian: ropa
- Old Saxon: hrōpan
- Middle Low German: rôpen
- German Low German: ropen
- Middle Low German: rôpen
- Old Dutch: ruopan
- Middle Dutch: roepen
- Dutch: roepen (see there for further descendants)
- Limburgish: rope
- Middle Dutch: roepen
- Old High German: ruofan, hruofan
- Middle High German: ruofen
- Central Franconian: rofe
- German: rufen
- Luxembourgish: ruffen
- Yiddish: רופֿן (rufn)
- Middle High German: ruofen
- Old English: hrōpan
- Old Norse: hrópa
- Icelandic: hrópa
- Faroese: rópa
- Norwegian: rope
- Old Swedish: rōpa
- Swedish: ropa
- Danish: råbe
- Westrobothnian: roop
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xrōpanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 188
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*hrōpan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 249