< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hringijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxriŋ.ɡi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Etymology 1
From *hringaz (“a ring, sound”) + *-janą.
Verb
*hringijaną[1]
- to ring, sound
Inflection
Conjugation of *hringijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hringijō | *hringijaų | — | *hringijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hringīsi | *hringijais | *hringī | *hringijasai | *hringijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *hringīþi | *hringijai | *hringijaþau | *hringijaþai | *hringijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *hringijōs | *hringijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hringijaþiz | *hringijaiþiz | *hringijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hringijamaz | *hringijaim | — | *hringijanþai | *hringijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *hringīþ | *hringijaiþ | *hringīþ | *hringijanþai | *hringijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *hringijanþi | *hringijain | *hringijanþau | *hringijanþai | *hringijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hringidǭ | *hringidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hringidēz | *hringidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hringidē | *hringidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *hringidēdū | *hringidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hringidēdudiz | *hringidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hringidēdum | *hringidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hringidēdud | *hringidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hringidēdun | *hringidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hringijandz | *hringidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
- Old English: hrinġan
- Middle English: ringen, ryngen
- Scots: ring
- English: ring
- Middle English: ringen, ryngen
- Old Frisian: *ringa
- North Frisian: ringe
- Old Dutch: *ringen
- Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
- Dutch: ringen; rinkelen; rinkinken
- Afrikaans: ring
- Dutch: ringen; rinkelen; rinkinken
- Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
- Old High German: hringan, ringan
- Old English: hrinġan
- Old Norse: hringja
- Icelandic: hringja
- Faroese: ringja
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ringja
- Old Swedish: ringia
- Swedish: ringa
- Danish: ringe
- Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
- Gutnish: ringge, ringg', ringga
Etymology 2
From *hringaz (“a ring, a circle”) + *-janą.
Verb
*hringijaną
- to make (into) a ring
- to encircle
- to place a ring on
Inflection
Conjugation of *hringijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hringijō | *hringijaų | — | *hringijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hringīsi | *hringijais | *hringī | *hringijasai | *hringijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *hringīþi | *hringijai | *hringijaþau | *hringijaþai | *hringijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *hringijōs | *hringijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hringijaþiz | *hringijaiþiz | *hringijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hringijamaz | *hringijaim | — | *hringijanþai | *hringijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *hringīþ | *hringijaiþ | *hringīþ | *hringijanþai | *hringijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *hringijanþi | *hringijain | *hringijanþau | *hringijanþai | *hringijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hringidǭ | *hringidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hringidēz | *hringidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hringidē | *hringidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *hringidēdū | *hringidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hringidēdudiz | *hringidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hringidēdum | *hringidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hringidēdud | *hringidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hringidēdun | *hringidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hringijandz | *hringidaz | |||
Related terms
- *hringōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hringijan
- Old English: *hrinġan
- Middle English: ringen
- English: ring
- Middle English: ringen
- Old Saxon: *hringian
- Middle Low German: ringen
- Old Dutch: *ringen
- Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
- Dutch: ringen
- Middle Dutch: ringen, ringhen
- Old High German: ringen
- Middle High German: ringen
- Old English: *hrinġan
- Old Norse: hringja
- Icelandic: hringja
- Faroese: ringja
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: ringe
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ringe, ringa
- Swedish: ringa
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xrenʒjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 186