< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrawaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂- (“raw meat, fresh blood”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxrɑ.wɑz/
Adjective
*hrawaz
- raw, uncooked
Inflection
Declension of *hrawaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *hrawaz | *hrawai | *hrawō | *hrawôz | *hrawą, -atō | *hrawō |
| Accusative | *hrawanǭ | *hrawanz | *hrawǭ | *hrawōz | *hrawą, -atō | *hrawō |
| Genitive | *hrawas, -is | *hrawaizǫ̂ | *hrawaizōz | *hrawaizǫ̂ | *hrawas, -is | *hrawaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *hrawammai | *hrawaimaz | *hrawaizōi | *hrawaimaz | *hrawammai | *hrawaimaz |
| Instrumental | *hrawanō | *hrawaimiz | *hrawaizō | *hrawaimiz | *hrawanō | *hrawaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *hrawô | *hrawaniz | *hrawǭ | *hrawōniz | *hrawô | *hrawōnō |
| Accusative | *hrawanų | *hrawanunz | *hrawōnų | *hrawōnunz | *hrawô | *hrawōnō |
| Genitive | *hrawiniz | *hrawanǫ̂ | *hrawōniz | *hrawōnǫ̂ | *hrawiniz | *hrawanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *hrawini | *hrawammaz | *hrawōni | *hrawōmaz | *hrawini | *hrawammaz |
| Instrumental | *hrawinē | *hrawammiz | *hrawōnē | *hrawōmiz | *hrawinē | *hrawammiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hrau
- Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
- Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
- English: raw
- Scots: raw
- Middle English: rawe, raw, rau, rauȝ, raugh, rae, ra, rowe
- Old Frisian: *hrā, *hrē
- Saterland Frisian: räi
- West Frisian: rau
- Old Saxon: hrāo
- Middle Low German: rō
- Old Dutch: *rao, *rō
- Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu
- Dutch: rauw
- Middle Dutch: roo, rou, raeu
- Old High German: rō, hrō, rao, rāo
- Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
- Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
- Luxembourgish: réi
- German: roh
- Yiddish: רוי (roy)
- Central Franconian: rüh, rieh, reh
- Middle High German: rō, rōch, rou, rā
- Old English: hrēaw, hrǣw
- Old Norse: hrár
- Icelandic: hrár
- Faroese: ráur
- Norwegian Nynorsk: rå
- Norwegian Bokmål: rå
- Elfdalian: rå
- Old Swedish: rār
- Swedish: rå
- Old Danish: rā
- Danish: rå
- Scanian: aráer
- Gutnish: råar
- → Proto-Finnic: *raaka
- Estonian: raag-
- ⇒ Estonian: raagnahk
- Finnish: raaka[1]
- Estonian: raag-
Further reading
- Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1), Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN
- Jens Elmegård Rasmussen, Germanic Verschärfung, in Historical Linguistics, 1987: Papers from the 8th International Conference (discusses *hrawaz, its PIE etymon *krewh₂- which it notates *kreu̯h₂-, the OE and OS and ON descendants, and the borrowing by Finnish - "the Finnish loanword raaka "raw" has a long /ā/ and appears to have been borrowed from a Northwest Germanic form [of PGmc. *hrawaz]")