< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hrapōną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *(s)kreb- (“to turn, bend, shrink, rotate, touch, attack”). Cognate with Lithuanian krapštyti (“to pick, peck, scratch, claw”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxrɑ.pɔː.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hrapōną
- to scratch, scrape
- to graze, make contact (with), touch
- to snatch
Inflection
Conjugation of *hrapōną (weak class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hrapō | *hrapǭ | — | *hrapōi | *? |
| 2nd singular | *hrapōsi | *hrapōs | *hrapō | *hrapōsai | *hrapōsau |
| 3rd singular | *hrapōþi | *hrapō | *hrapōþau | *hrapōþai | *hrapōþau |
| 1st dual | *hrapōs | *hrapōw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hrapōþiz | *hrapōþiz | *hrapōþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hrapōmaz | *hrapōm | — | *hrapōnþai | *hrapōnþau |
| 2nd plural | *hrapōþ | *hrapōþ | *hrapōþ | *hrapōnþai | *hrapōnþau |
| 3rd plural | *hrapōnþi | *hrapōn | *hrapōnþau | *hrapōnþai | *hrapōnþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hrapōdǭ | *hrapōdēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hrapōdēz | *hrapōdēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hrapōdē | *hrapōdēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *hrapōdēdū | *hrapōdēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hrapōdēdudiz | *hrapōdēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hrapōdēdum | *hrapōdēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hrapōdēdud | *hrapōdēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hrapōdēdun | *hrapōdēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hrapōndz | *hrapōdaz | |||
Related terms
- *hrapjaną
- *hrappō
Descendants
- Old English: *hrapian, hrepian
- Middle English: rapen, rappen, repen
- English: rape, rap, repe
- Middle English: rapen, rappen, repen
- Old Frisian: *hrapia
- Saterland Frisian: rappe
- West Frisian: raepje
- Old Saxon: *hrapōn, hrappōn
- Middle Low German: rapen, *rappen
- Low German: rapen, rappen
- Middle Low German: rapen, *rappen
- Frankish: *hrapōn, hrappōn
- Old Dutch: *rapōn
- Middle Dutch: rapen
- Dutch: rapen
- Middle Dutch: rapen
- → Vulgar Latin: *frappō, *frapō (see there for further descendants)
- Old Dutch: *rapōn
- Old High German: *hraffōn, *raffōn
- Middle High German: raffen
- German: raffen
- → Vulgar Latin: *raffō
- Italian: arraffare
- → Old French: raffer, rafer
- Middle English: *raffen
- → English: raff
- Middle English: *raffen
- Middle High German: raffen
- Old Norse: hrapa
- Swedish: rappa
- Danish: rappe
- Gothic: *𐌷𐍂𐌰𐍀𐍉𐌽 (*hrapōn)
- → Vulgar Latin: *rappō
- Asturian: rapar
- Old Portuguese: rapar
- Galician: rapar
- Portuguese: rapar
- Spanish: rapar
- → Vulgar Latin: *rappō