< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneusaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pnew-, but presumably interpreted as onomatopoeic judging from the variety in the initial consonants. Forms with initial h- may show interference from Proto-Indo-European *(s)knus- (“to sneeze”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxneu̯.sɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hneusaną[1]
- to sneeze
Inflection
Conjugation of *hneusaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hneusō | *hneusaų | — | *hneusai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hniusizi | *hneusaiz | *hneus | *hneusazai | *hneusaizau |
| 3rd singular | *hniusidi | *hneusai | *hneusadau | *hneusadai | *hneusaidau |
| 1st dual | *hneusōz | *hneusaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hneusadiz | *hneusaidiz | *hneusadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hneusamaz | *hneusaim | — | *hneusandai | *hneusaindau |
| 2nd plural | *hniusid | *hneusaid | *hniusid | *hneusandai | *hneusaindau |
| 3rd plural | *hneusandi | *hneusain | *hneusandau | *hneusandai | *hneusaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hnaus | *hnuzį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hnaust | *hnuzīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hnaus | *hnuzī | |||
| 1st dual | *hnuzū | *hnuzīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hnuzudiz | *hnuzīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hnuzum | *hnuzīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hnuzud | *hnuzīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hnuzun | *hnuzīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hneusandz | *hnuzanaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hneusan
- Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)
- Middle English: nesen
- English: neeze
- Scots: nese, neese
- Middle English: nesen
- Old Saxon: *hniosan
- Middle Low German: nēsen, neisen
- Old Dutch: *niesan
- Middle Dutch: niesen
- Dutch: niezen
- Middle Dutch: niesen
- Old High German: niosan
- Middle High German: niesen
- German: niesen
- Yiddish: ניסן (nisn)
- Middle High German: niesen
- Old English: *hnēosan (possibly a loan)
- Old Norse: hnjósa
- Icelandic: hnjósa
- Faroese: njósa
- Norwegian Bokmål: nyse
- Norwegian Nynorsk: nyse
- Old Swedish: niūsa
- Swedish: nysa, njusa
- Danish: nyse
- Westrobothnian: njus, knus
References
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xneusanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 180