< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hneudaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
Compare *knudaną (“to rivet, knead”), source of Old Norse hnoða (“to rivet”). Also compared to Ancient Greek κνύθος (knúthos, “small thorn”), but Kroonen finds this semantically unconvincing.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxneu̯.ðɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hneudaną[1][2]
- to hammer, to pound
Inflection
Conjugation of *hneudaną (strong class 2)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hneudō | *hneudaų | — | *hneudai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *hniudizi | *hneudaiz | *hneud | *hneudazai | *hneudaizau |
| 3rd singular | *hniudidi | *hneudai | *hneudadau | *hneudadai | *hneudaidau |
| 1st dual | *hneudōz | *hneudaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hneudadiz | *hneudaidiz | *hneudadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hneudamaz | *hneudaim | — | *hneudandai | *hneudaindau |
| 2nd plural | *hniudid | *hneudaid | *hniudid | *hneudandai | *hneudaindau |
| 3rd plural | *hneudandi | *hneudain | *hneudandau | *hneudandai | *hneudaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hnaud | *hnudį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hnaust | *hnudīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hnaud | *hnudī | |||
| 1st dual | *hnudū | *hnudīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hnududiz | *hnudīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hnudum | *hnudīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hnudud | *hnudīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hnudun | *hnudīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hneudandz | *hnudanaz | |||
Related terms
- *hnudōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hneudan
- Old Saxon: *hniodan
- Middle Low German: nêden
- Old Dutch: *niedan
- Middle Dutch: nieden
- Old High German: *hniotan, *niotan
- Middle High German: nieten
- German: nieten
- → Swedish: nita
- German: nieten
- ⇒ Old High German: bihniotan
- Middle High German: nieten
- Old Saxon: *hniodan
- Old Norse: hnjóða
- Icelandic: hnjóða
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “hneudan”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 235
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xneuđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 179-180