Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hlaidrijō

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ḱley- (“to lean”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κλῖμαξ (klîmax, “ladder”). Related to Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌸𐍂𐌰 (hleiþra, “booth, tent”, literally “that which leans”). Compare also Latin clathri (“trellis”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈxlɑi̯.dri.jɔː/

Noun

*hlaidrijō f[1]

ladder

Inflection

ō-stemDeclension of *hlaidrijō (ō-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*hlaidrijō	*hlaidrijôz
vocative	*hlaidrijō	*hlaidrijôz
accusative	*hlaidrijǭ	*hlaidrijōz
genitive	*hlaidrijōz	*hlaidrijǫ̂
dative	*hlaidrijōi	*hlaidrijōmaz
instrumental	*hlaidrijō	*hlaidrijōmiz

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *hlaidriju
- Old English: hlǣdre, hlǣder, hlædder, hlæddr-, hlædr-
  - Middle English: laddre, ladder, laddere, laddir, ladre, ledder, leddre, leddyr, lheddre; læddræ, læddre, leaddre
    - English: ladder
    - Scots: ledder
- Old Frisian: hladder, hledder, hleder, hlērde
  - North Frisian: ladder
  - Saterland Frisian: Laadere, Laddere
  - West Frisian: ljedder, leider, ljerre
- Old Saxon: hlēderi
  - Middle Low German: leddere, ledder, lēdere, lēder, leider, ladder
    - German Low German: Ledder
    - Plautdietsch: Lada
- Old Dutch: *lēdara
  - Middle Dutch: ledere, leedre, ledder, laddere, ladere
    - Dutch: ladder, leer
      - Afrikaans: ladder; leer
  - Limburgish: lejjer, leier
- Old High German: hleitra, hleitara, leitra, leitara
  - Middle High German: leiter
    - German: Leiter
    - Hunsrik: Leeter
    - Luxembourgish: Leeder

References

Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xlaiđrjō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 174

[1] Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xlaiđrjō”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 174