Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helmaz

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Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/helmaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Probably from Proto-Indo-European *ḱelmos (“covering”), from the root *ḱel- (“to cover, hide, protect”).[1]Cognate to Proto-Germanic *helaną, Latin clam, Latin celo.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈxel.mɑz/

Noun

*helmaz m

1. helmet

Inflection

masculine a-stemDeclension of *helmaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*helmaz	*helmōz, *helmōs
vocative	*helm	*helmōz, *helmōs
accusative	*helmą	*helmanz
genitive	*helmas, *hilmis	*helmǫ̂
dative	*hilmai	*helmamaz
instrumental	*helmō	*helmamiz

Derived terms

• *Aþalahelmaz
• *Aldahelmaz
• *Wiljahelmaz

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *helm
  • Old English: helm
    • Middle English: helm
      • English: helm
  • Old Frisian: helm
    • Saterland Frisian: Hälm
    • West Frisian: helm
  • Old Saxon: helm
    • Middle Low German: helm
      • Low German: Helm
  • Old Dutch: helm
    • Middle Dutch: helm
      • Dutch: helm
  • Old High German: helm
    • Middle High German: helm
      • German: Helm
        • Polish: hełm
      • Luxembourgish: Helm
  • → Latin: helmus [867 CE, France] (see there for further descendants)
• Old Norse: hjalmr
  • Icelandic: hjálmur m
  • Faroese: hjálmur m
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: hjelm m; (dialectal) hjalm m, kjålm m, kjelm m, sjælm m
  • Westrobothnian: hjall, Jaggmark (< *hjolmr < hjalmr)
  • Old Swedish: hiælmber
    • Swedish: hjälm c
  • Danish: hjelm c
    • Norwegian Bokmål: hjelm m
• Gothic: 𐌷𐌹𐌻𐌼𐍃 (hilms)
• → Proto-Slavic: *šelmъ (see there for further descendants)
• →? Proto-Finnic: *helma (“hem, margin of cloth”)

References

1. Friedrich Kluge (1989), “Helm”, in Elmar Seebold, editor, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the German Language] (in German), 22nd edition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN