< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hawwaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kewh₂- (“to beat, hew, forge”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxɑw.wɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*hawwaną
- to chop, to hew
- to forge
Inflection
Conjugation of *hawwaną (strong class 7)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *hawwō | *hawwaų | — | *hawwai | *? |
| 2nd singular | *hawwizi | *hawwaiz | *haww | *hawwazai | *hawwaizau |
| 3rd singular | *hawwidi | *hawwai | *hawwadau | *hawwadai | *hawwaidau |
| 1st dual | *hawwōz | *hawwaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *hawwadiz | *hawwaidiz | *hawwadiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *hawwamaz | *hawwaim | — | *hawwandai | *hawwaindau |
| 2nd plural | *hawwid | *hawwaid | *hawwid | *hawwandai | *hawwaindau |
| 3rd plural | *hawwandi | *hawwain | *hawwandau | *hawwandai | *hawwaindau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *hehau(w) | *hehawwį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *hehau(w)t | *hehawwīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *hehau(w) | *hehawwī | |||
| 1st dual | *hehawwū | *hehawwīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *hehawwudiz | *hehawwīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *hehawwum | *hehawwīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *hehawwud | *hehawwīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *hehawwun | *hehawwīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *hawwandz | *hawwanaz | |||
Descendants
- Old English: hēawan
- Middle English: hewen
- Scots: hew, hewe
- English: hew
- Middle English: hewen
- Old Frisian: hāwa, hauwa, hōwa, houwa
- North Frisian: hauen, houwen
- Saterland Frisian: haue
- West Frisian: houwe
- Old Saxon: hauwan
- Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
- German Low German: hauen
- Middle Low German: houwen, howen, hauwen
- Old Dutch: houwan
- Middle Dutch: houwen
- Dutch: houwen
- Limburgish: houwe
- Middle Dutch: houwen
- Old High German: houwan
- Middle High German: houwen
- German: hauen
- Luxembourgish: haen
- Middle High German: houwen
- Old Norse: hǫggva
- Icelandic: höggva
- Faroese: høgga
- Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: hugge, hogge
- Norwegian Nynorsk: hogga, hogge
- Old Swedish: hugga, hogga
- Swedish: hugga
- Old Danish: huggæ, hoggæ
- Danish: hugge
- Westrobothnian: haagg, håågg
- Elfdalian: ogga
- Jamtish: hǫgge
- Gutnish: hagge
- Scanian: hogga