< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harmaz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pḱórmos (“shame, grief, torment, pain”), from *pḱer-. Cognate with Proto-Slavic *sormъ (“shame”), Avestan 𐬟𐬱𐬀𐬭𐬆𐬨𐬀 (fšarəma, “sense of shame”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxɑr.mɑz/
Adjective
*harmaz
- painful; sorrowful; doleful
- harmful; malicious; evil
Inflection
Declension of *harmaz (a-stem)
| Strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *harmaz | *harmai | *harmō | *harmôz | *harmą, -atō | *harmō |
| Accusative | *harmanǭ | *harmanz | *harmǭ | *harmōz | *harmą, -atō | *harmō |
| Genitive | *harmas, -is | *harmaizǫ̂ | *harmaizōz | *harmaizǫ̂ | *harmas, -is | *harmaizǫ̂ |
| Dative | *harmammai | *harmaimaz | *harmaizōi | *harmaimaz | *harmammai | *harmaimaz |
| Instrumental | *harmanō | *harmaimiz | *harmaizō | *harmaimiz | *harmanō | *harmaimiz |
| Weak declension | ||||||
| Case | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |
| Nominative | *harmô | *harmaniz | *harmǭ | *harmōniz | *harmô | *harmōnō |
| Accusative | *harmanų | *harmanunz | *harmōnų | *harmōnunz | *harmô | *harmōnō |
| Genitive | *harminiz | *harmanǫ̂ | *harmōniz | *harmōnǫ̂ | *harminiz | *harmanǫ̂ |
| Dative | *harmini | *harmammaz | *harmōni | *harmōmaz | *harmini | *harmammaz |
| Instrumental | *harminē | *harmammiz | *harmōnē | *harmōmiz | *harminē | *harmammiz |
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *harm
- Old English: hearm
- Old Saxon: harm
- Middle Low German: *harm (possibly)
- → Old Danish: harm
- Danish: harm
- → Norwegian Bokmål: harm
- → Norwegian Nynorsk: harm
Noun
*harmaz m
- harm; shame; pain; injury
Inflection
| masculine a-stemDeclension of *harmaz (masculine a-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| nominative | *harmaz | *harmōz, *harmōs | |
| vocative | *harm | *harmōz, *harmōs | |
| accusative | *harmą | *harmanz | |
| genitive | *harmas, *harmis | *harmǫ̂ | |
| dative | *harmai | *harmamaz | |
| instrumental | *harmō | *harmamiz | |
Derived terms
- *harmalausaz
- *harmāną
- *harmijaną
Related terms
- *harmōną
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *harm
- Old English: hearm
- Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
- English: harm
- Scots: herm, hairm
- Yola: harrm
- Middle English: harm, harem, arme, herme
- Old Frisian: herm (in compounds)
- Old Saxon: harm
- Middle Low German: harm, herm
- Old Dutch: harm
- Middle Dutch: harm
- Dutch: harm
- Middle Dutch: harm
- Old High German: harm, haram
- Middle High German: harm
- German: Harm
- Middle High German: harm
- Old English: hearm
- Old Norse: harmr
- Icelandic: harmur
- (Faroese: harmligur)
- Norwegian Bokmål: harme
- Norwegian Nynorsk: harm
- Old Swedish: harmber
- Swedish: harm
- → Finnish: harmi
- Swedish: harm
- Danish: harme