< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/harduz
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *kort-ús, from *kert-, *kret- (“strong, powerful”). Cognate with Ancient Greek κρατύς (kratús, “strong”), Ancient Greek κράτος (krátos, “strength, power, dominion”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxɑr.ðuz/
Adjective
*harduz (comparative *hardizô, superlative *hardistaz)
- hard
- brave
Inflection
Declension of *harduz (u-stem)
| strong declension | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *harduz | *hardijai | *hardī | *hardijôz | *hardų, *-jatō | *hardijō |
| accusative | *hardijanǭ | *hardijanz | *hardijǭ | *hardijōz | *hardų, *-jatō | *hardijō |
| genitive | *hardijas, *hardīs | *hardijaizǫ̂ | *hardijaizōz | *hardijaizǫ̂ | *hardijas, *hardīs | *hardijaizǫ̂ |
| dative | *hardijammai | *hardijaimaz | *hardijaizōi | *hardijaimaz | *hardijammai | *hardijaimaz |
| instrumental | *hardijanō | *hardijaimiz | *hardijaizō | *hardijaimiz | *hardijanō | *hardijaimiz |
| weak declension | ||||||
| masculine | feminine | neuter | ||||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| nominative | *hardijô | *hardijaniz | *hardijǭ | *hardijōniz | *hardijô | *hardijōnō |
| accusative | *hardijanų | *hardijanunz | *hardijōnų | *hardijōnunz | *hardijô | *hardijōnō |
| genitive | *hardīniz | *hardijanǫ̂ | *hardijōniz | *hardijōnǫ̂ | *hardīniz | *hardijanǫ̂ |
| dative | *hardīni | *hardijammaz | *hardijōni | *hardijōmaz | *hardīni | *hardijammaz |
| instrumental | *hardīnē | *hardijammiz | *hardijōnē | *hardijōmiz | *hardīnē | *hardijammiz |
Derived terms
- *hardijaną
- *hardį̄
- *hardulīkaz
- *harduhertaz
- *Agjōharduz
- *Bernuharduz
- *Raginaharduz
- *Rīkaharduz
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *hard(ī)
- Old English: heard
- Middle English: hard
- English: hard
- → Finnish: haarti
- → Spanish: hard
- Scots: hard, haird
- English: hard
- Middle English: hard
- Old Frisian: herde, herd
- Saterland Frisian: hart
- West Frisian: hurd
- Old Saxon: hard
- Middle Low German: hart, hārde
- Low German: hart
- Middle Low German: hart, hārde
- Old Dutch: hart, *hard, *hert (attested in placenames)
- Middle Dutch: hart, hert
- Dutch: hard, (dialectal) herd
- Afrikaans: hard
- Dutch: hard, (dialectal) herd
- Middle Dutch: hart, hert
- Old High German: hart
- Middle High German: hart, herte
- Alemannic German: hert
- Swabian: hirrt
- Central Franconian: haat
- German: hart
- Luxembourgish: haart
- Yiddish: האַרט (hart)
- Alemannic German: hert
- Middle High German: hart, herte
- Old English: heard
- Old Norse: harðr
- Icelandic: harður
- Faroese: harður
- Norwegian: hard; (dialectal) hard’u, hard’e
- → Norwegian Bokmål: hard
- Old Swedish: harþer
- Swedish: hård
- Danish: hård
- Norwegian Bokmål: hård
- Gothic: 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus)
- → Finnish: harras