< Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic
Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/halþijaną
 | This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Germanic
Etymology
From *halþaz + *-janą.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈxɑl.θi.jɑ.nɑ̃/
Verb
*halþijaną[1][2]
- to make incline, tilt, incline
Inflection
Conjugation of *halþijaną (weak class 1)
| active voice | passive voice | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| present tense | indicative | subjunctive | imperative | indicative | subjunctive |
| 1st singular | *halþijō | *halþijaų | — | *halþijai | ? |
| 2nd singular | *halþīsi | *halþijais | *halþī | *halþijasai | *halþijaisau |
| 3rd singular | *halþīþi | *halþijai | *halþijaþau | *halþijaþai | *halþijaiþau |
| 1st dual | *halþijōs | *halþijaiw | — | — | — |
| 2nd dual | *halþijaþiz | *halþijaiþiz | *halþijaþiz | — | — |
| 1st plural | *halþijamaz | *halþijaim | — | *halþijanþai | *halþijainþau |
| 2nd plural | *halþīþ | *halþijaiþ | *halþīþ | *halþijanþai | *halþijainþau |
| 3rd plural | *halþijanþi | *halþijain | *halþijanþau | *halþijanþai | *halþijainþau |
| past tense | indicative | subjunctive | |||
| 1st singular | *halþidǭ | *halþidēdį̄ | |||
| 2nd singular | *halþidēz | *halþidēdīz | |||
| 3rd singular | *halþidē | *halþidēdī | |||
| 1st dual | *halþidēdū | *halþidēdīw | |||
| 2nd dual | *halþidēdudiz | *halþidēdīdiz | |||
| 1st plural | *halþidēdum | *halþidēdīm | |||
| 2nd plural | *halþidēdud | *halþidēdīd | |||
| 3rd plural | *halþidēdun | *halþidēdīn | |||
| present | past | ||||
| participles | *halþijandz | *halþidaz | |||
Descendants
- Proto-West Germanic: *halþijan
- Old English: hieldan
- Middle English: helden
- English: hield
- English: heel
- Yola: hyle
- Middle English: helden
- Old Saxon: *heldian
- Middle Low German: helden, hellen
- Old Dutch: *helden
- Middle Dutch: helden
- Dutch: hellen (d reinterpreted as an ending)
- Middle Dutch: helden
- Old High German: helden
- Middle High German: helden
- Old English: hieldan
- Old Norse: hella
References
- Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*halþa-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 205: “*halþjan- - *haldjan-”
- Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*xalþjanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 157